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• Journal article
  Mostafavi P, Allen RC, Jagarlamudi VK, Bourouaine S, Badman ST, Ho GC, Raouafi NE, Hill ME, Verniero JL, Larson DE, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2024,

  Parker Solar Probe observations of collisional effects on thermalizing the young solar wind

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 682, ISSN: 0004-6361
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• Journal article
  Qi Y, Ergun R, Pathak N, Phan TD, Burch JL, Chasapis A, Li TC, Schwartz SJ, Ahmadi N, Vo T, Eriksson S, Newman D, Usanova M, Wilder FDet al., 2024,

  Investigation of a Magnetic Reconnection Event with Extraordinarily High Particle Energization in Magnetotail Turbulence

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 962, ISSN: 2041-8205
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• Journal article
  Trotta D, Larosa A, Nicolaou G, Horbury TS, Matteini L, Hietala H, Blanco-Cano X, Franci L, Chen CHK, Zhao L, Zank GP, Cohen CMS, Bale SD, Laker R, Fargette N, Valentini F, Khotyaintsev Y, Kieokaew R, Raouafi N, Davies E, Vainio R, Dresing N, Kilpua E, Karlsson T, Owen CJ, Wimmer-Schweingruber RFet al., 2024,

  Properties of an Interplanetary Shock Observed at 0.07 and 0.7 au by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter

  , The Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 962, Pages: 147-147, ISSN: 0004-637X

  <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and Solar Orbiter (SolO) missions opened a new observational window in the inner heliosphere, which is finally accessible to direct measurements. On 2022 September 5, a coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven interplanetary (IP) shock was observed as close as 0.07 au by PSP. The CME then reached SolO, which was radially well-aligned at 0.7 au, thus providing us with the opportunity to study the shock properties at different heliocentric distances. We characterize the shock, investigate its typical parameters, and compare its small-scale features at both locations. Using the PSP observations, we investigate how magnetic switchbacks and ion cyclotron waves are processed upon shock crossing. We find that switchbacks preserve their V–B correlation while compressed upon the shock passage, and that the signature of ion cyclotron waves disappears downstream of the shock. By contrast, the SolO observations reveal a very structured shock transition, with a population of shock-accelerated protons of up to about 2 MeV, showing irregularities in the shock downstream, which we correlate with solar wind structures propagating across the shock. At SolO, we also report the presence of low-energy (∼100 eV) electrons scattering due to upstream shocklets. This study elucidates how the local features of IP shocks and their environments can be very different as they propagate through the heliosphere.</jats:p>

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• Journal article
  Gershman DJ, Fuselier SA, Cohen IJ, Turner DL, Liu Y-H, Chen L-J, Phan TD, Stawarz JE, Dibraccio GA, Masters A, Ebert RW, Sun W, Harada Y, Swisdak Met al., 2024,

  Magnetic Reconnection at Planetary Bodies and Astrospheres

  , SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308
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• Journal article
  Laker R, Horbury TS, O'Brien H, Fauchon-Jones EJ, Angelini V, Fargette N, Amerstorfer T, Bauer M, Moestl C, Davies EE, Davies JA, Harrison R, Barnes D, Dumbovic Met al., 2024,

  Using Solar Orbiter as an Upstream Solar Wind Monitor for Real Time Space Weather Predictions

  , SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS, Vol: 22
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• Journal article
  Jones GH, Snodgrass C, Tubiana C, Kuppers M, Kawakita H, Lara LM, Agarwal J, Andre N, Attree N, Auster U, Bagnulo S, Bannister M, Beth A, Bowles N, Coates A, Colangeli L, van Damme CC, Da Deppo V, De Keyser J, Della Corte V, Edberg N, El-Maarry MR, Faggi S, Fulle M, Funase R, Galand M, Goetz C, Groussin O, Guilbert-Lepoutre A, Henri P, Kasahara S, Kereszturi A, Kidger M, Knight M, Kokotanekova R, Kolmasova I, Kossacki K, Kuehrt E, Kwon Y, La Forgia F, Levasseur-Regourd A-C, Lippi M, Longobardo A, Marschall R, Morawski M, Munoz O, Naesilae A, Nilsson H, Opitom C, Pajusalu M, Pommerol A, Prech L, Rando N, Ratti F, Rothkaehl H, Rotundi A, Rubin M, Sakatani N, Sanchez JP, Simon Wedlund C, Stankov A, Thomas N, Toth I, Villanueva G, Vincent J-B, Volwerk M, Wurz P, Wielders A, Yoshioka K, Aleksiejuk K, Alvarez F, Amoros C, Aslam S, Atamaniuk B, Baran J, Barcinski T, Beck T, Behnke T, Berglund M, Bertini I, Bieda M, Binczyk P, Busch M-D, Cacovean A, Capria MT, Carr C, Castro Marin JM, Ceriotti M, Chioetto P, Chuchra-Konrad A, Cocola L, Colin F, Crews C, Cripps V, Cupido E, Dassatti A, Davidsson BJR, De Roche T, Deca J, Del Togno S, Dhooghe F, Donaldson Hanna K, Eriksson A, Fedorov A, Fernandez-Valenzuela E, Ferretti S, Floriot J, Frassetto F, Fredriksson J, Garnier P, Gawel D, Genot V, Gerber T, Glassmeier K-H, Granvik M, Grison B, Gunell H, Hachemi T, Hagen C, Hajra R, Harada Y, Hasiba J, Haslebacher N, De La Revilla MLH, Hestroffer D, Hewagama T, Holt C, Hviid S, Iakubivskyi I, Inno L, Irwin P, Ivanovski S, Jansky J, Jernej I, Jeszenszky H, Jimenez J, Jorda L, Kama M, Kameda S, Kelley MSP, Klepacki K, Kohout T, Kojima H, Kowalski T, Kuwabara M, Ladno M, Laky G, Lammer H, Lan R, Lavraud B, Lazzarin M, Le Duff O, Lee Q-M, Lesniak C, Lewis Z, Lin Z-Y, Lister T, Lowry S, Magnes W, Markkanen J, Martinez Navajas I, Martins Z, Matsuoka A, Matyjasiak B, Mazelle C, Mazzotta Epifani E, Meier M, Michaelis H, Micheli M, Migliorini A, Millet A-L, Moreno F, Mottola S, Moutounaick B, Muet al., 2024,

  The Comet Interceptor mission

  , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308

  Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum ΔV capability of 600 ms-1. Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as

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• Journal article
  Louarn P, Fedorov A, Prech L, Owen CJ, D'Amicis R, Bruno R, Livi S, Lavraud B, Rouillard AP, Genot V, Andre N, Fruit G, Reville V, Kieokaew R, Plotnikov I, Penou E, Barthe A, Lewis G, Berthomier M, Allegrini F, Alterman BL, Lepri ST, Raines JM, Verscharen D, Mele G, Fargette N, Horbury TS, Maksimovic M, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2024,

  Skewness and kurtosis of solar wind proton distribution functions: The normal inverse-Gaussian model and its implications

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 682, ISSN: 0004-6361
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• Journal article
  Wells CD, Kasoar M, Ezzati M, Voulgarakis Aet al., 2024,

  Significant human health co-benefits of mitigating African emissions

  , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 24, Pages: 1025-1039, ISSN: 1680-7316

  Future African aerosol emissions, and therefore air pollution levels and health outcomes, are uncertain and understudied. Understanding the future health impacts of pollutant emissions from this region is crucial. Here, this research gap is addressed by studying the range in the future health impacts of aerosol emissions from Africa in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, using the UK Earth System Model version 1 (UKESM1), along with human health concentration-response functions. The effects of Africa following a high-pollution aerosol pathway are studied relative to a low-pollution control, with experiments varying aerosol emissions from industry and biomass burning. Using present-day demographics, annual deaths within Africa attributable to ambient particulate matter are estimated to be lower by 150 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 67 000-234 000) under stronger African aerosol mitigation by 2090, while those attributable to O3 are lower by 15 000 (5th-95th confidence interval of 9000-21 000). The particulate matter health benefits are realised predominantly within Africa, with the O3-driven benefits being more widespread - though still concentrated in Africa - due to the longer atmospheric lifetime of O3. These results demonstrate the important health co-benefits from future emission mitigation in Africa.

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• Journal article
  Chen L, Ma B, Wu D, Zhou X, Pulupa M, Zhang P, Zucca P, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Duan Set al., 2024,

  Weak Solar Radio Bursts from the Solar Wind Acceleration Region Observed by the Parker Solar Probe and Its Probable Emission Mechanism

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Krupar V, Kruparova O, Szabo A, Nemec F, Maksimovic M, Oliveros JCM, Lario D, Bonnin X, Vecchio A, Pulupa M, Bale SDet al., 2024,

  Comparative Analysis of Type III Radio Bursts and Solar Flares: Spatial Localization and Correlation with Solar Flare Intensity

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Mcmanus MD, Klein KG, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Huang J, Larson D, Livi R, Rahmati A, Romeo O, Verniero J, Whittlesey Pet al., 2024,

  Proton- and Alpha-driven Instabilities in an Ion Cyclotron Wave Event

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 961, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Smith AW, Rae IJ, Stawarz JE, Sun WJ, Bentley S, Koul Aet al., 2024,

  Automatic Encoding of Unlabeled Two Dimensional Data Enabling Similarity Searches: Electron Diffusion Regions and Auroral Arcs

  , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9380
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• Journal article
  Hosner M, Nakamura R, Schmid D, Nakamura TKM, Panov EV, Volwerk M, Vörös Z, Roberts OW, Blasl KA, Settino A, Korovinskiy D, Marshall AT, Denton RE, Burch JL, Giles BL, Torbert RB, Le Contel O, Escoubet CP, Dandouras IS, Carr C, Fazakerley ANet al., 2024,

  Reconnection inside a Dipolarization Front of a diverging Earthward fast flow

  , JGR: Space Physics, Vol: 129, ISSN: 2169-9402

  We examine a Dipolarization Front (DF) event with an embedded electron diffusion region (EDR), observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on 08 September 2018 at 14:51:30 UT in the Earth's magnetotail by applying multi-scale multipoint analysis methods. In order to study the large-scale context of this DF, we use conjunction observations of the Cluster spacecraft together with MMS. A polynomial magnetic field reconstruction technique is applied to MMS data to characterize the embedded electron current sheet including its velocity and the X-line exhaust opening angle. Our results show that the MMS and Cluster spacecraft were located in two counter-rotating vortex flows, and such flows may distort a flux tube in a way that the local magnetic shear angle is increased and localized magnetic reconnection may be triggered. Using multi-point data from MMS we further show that the local normalized reconnection rate is in the range of R ∼ 0.16 to 0.18. We find a highly asymmetric electron in- and outflow structure, consistent with previous simulations on strong guide-field reconnection events. This study shows that magnetic reconnection may not only take place at large-scale stable magnetopause or magnetotail current sheets but also in transient localized current sheets, produced as a consequence of the interaction between the fast Earthward flows and the Earth's dipole field.

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• Journal article
  Tosi F, Roatsch T, Galli A, Hauber E, Lucchetti A, Molyneux P, Stephan K, Achilleos N, Bovolo F, Carter J, Cavalié T, Cimò G, D'Aversa E, Gwinner K, Hartogh P, Huybrighs H, Langevin Y, Lellouch E, Migliorini A, Palumbo P, Piccioni G, Plaut JJ, Postberg F, Poulet F, Retherford K, Rezac L, Roth L, Solomonidou A, Tobie G, Tortora P, Tubiana C, Wagner R, Wirström E, Wurz P, Zambon F, Zannoni M, Barabash S, Bruzzone L, Dougherty M, Gladstone R, Gurvits LI, Hussmann H, Iess L, Wahlund J-E, Witasse O, Vallat C, Lorente Ret al., 2024,

  Characterization of the Surfaces and Near-Surface Atmospheres of Ganymede, Europa and Callisto by JUICE.

  , Space Sci Rev, Vol: 220, ISSN: 0038-6308

  We present the state of the art on the study of surfaces and tenuous atmospheres of the icy Galilean satellites Ganymede, Europa and Callisto, from past and ongoing space exploration conducted with several spacecraft to recent telescopic observations, and we show how the ESA JUICE mission plans to explore these surfaces and atmospheres in detail with its scientific payload. The surface geology of the moons is the main evidence of their evolution and reflects the internal heating provided by tidal interactions. Surface composition is the result of endogenous and exogenous processes, with the former providing valuable information about the potential composition of shallow subsurface liquid pockets, possibly connected to deeper oceans. Finally, the icy Galilean moons have tenuous atmospheres that arise from charged particle sputtering affecting their surfaces. In the case of Europa, plumes of water vapour have also been reported, whose phenomenology at present is poorly understood and requires future close exploration. In the three main sections of the article, we discuss these topics, highlighting the key scientific objectives and investigations to be achieved by JUICE. Based on a recent predicted trajectory, we also show potential coverage maps and other examples of reference measurements. The scientific discussion and observation planning presented here are the outcome of the JUICE Working Group 2 (WG2): "Surfaces and Near-surface Exospheres of the Satellites, dust and rings".

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• Journal article
  Quilelli Correa Rocha Ribeiro R, Gryspeerdt E, van Reeuwijk M, 2023,

  Retrieving cloud sensitivity to aerosol using ship emissions in overcast conditions

  , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 50, ISSN: 0094-8276

  The interaction between aerosols and clouds is one of the major uncertainties in past climate change, affecting the accuracy of future climate projections. Ship tracks, trails left in clouds through the addition of aerosol in the ship exhaust plume, have become a key observational tool for constraining aerosol-cloud interactions. However, manyexpected tracks remain undetected, presenting a significant gap in current knowledge of aerosol forcing. Here we leverage a plume-parcel model to simulate the impact of aerosol dispersion for 2957 cases off California’s coast on cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) enhancements. Plume-parcel models show a large sensitivity to updraft uncertainties, which are found to be a primary control on track formation. Using these plume-parcel models, updraft values consistent with observed CDNC enhancements are recovered, suggesting that relying solely on cloud-top radiative cooling may overestimate in-cloud updrafts by around 50%, hence overstating the cloud sensitivity to aerosols.

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• Journal article
  Laker R, Horbury TS, Woodham LD, Bale SD, Matteini Let al., 2023,

  Coherent deflection pattern and associated temperature enhancements in the near-Sun solar wind

  , MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 527, Pages: 10440-10447, ISSN: 0035-8711
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• Journal article
  Jebaraj IC, Dresing N, Krasnoselskikh V, Agapitov OV, Gieseler J, Trotta D, Wijsen N, Larosa A, Kouloumvakos A, Palmroos C, Dimmock A, Kolhoff A, Kuehl P, Fleth S, Fedeli A, Valkila S, Lario D, Khotyaintsev YV, Vainio Ret al., 2023,

  Relativistic electron beams accelerated by an interplanetary shock

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 680, ISSN: 0004-6361
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• Journal article
  Clear CP, Pickering JC, Nave G, Uylings P, Raassen Tet al., 2023,

  Wavelengths and Energy Levels of the Upper Levels of Singly Ionized Nickel (Ni <sc>ii</sc>) from 3<i>d</i> <SUP>8</SUP>(<SUP>3</SUP> <i>F</i>)5<i>f</i> to 3<i>d</i> <SUP>8</SUP>(<SUP>3</SUP> <i>F</i>)9<i>s</i>

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 269, ISSN: 0067-0049
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• Journal article
  Kuzichev IV, Vasko IY, Artemyev AV, Bale SD, Mozer FSet al., 2023,

  Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Sunward and Anti-sunward Whistler Waves in the Solar Wind

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 959, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Wilson III LB, Stevens ML, Kasper JC, Klein KG, Maruca BA, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Pulupa MP, Salem CSet al., 2023,

  The Statistical Properties of Solar Wind Temperature Parameters Near 1 au (vol 236, 41, 2018)

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 269, ISSN: 0067-0049
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• Journal article
  Sishtla CP, Jebaraj IC, Pomoell J, Magyar N, Pulupa M, Kilpua E, Bale SDet al., 2023,

  The Effect of the Parametric Decay Instability on the Morphology of Coronal Type III Radio Bursts

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 959, ISSN: 2041-8205
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• Journal article
  Krasnoselskikh V, Zaslavsky A, Artemyev A, Froment C, Dudok de Wit T, Raouafi NE, Agapitov OV, Bale SD, Verniero JLet al., 2023,

  Ion Kinetics of Plasma Interchange Reconnection in the Lower Solar Corona

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 959, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Giacalone J, Cohen CMS, Mccomas DJ, Chen X, Dayeh MA, Matthaeus WH, Klein KG, Bale SD, Christian ER, Desai MI, Hill ME, Khoo LY, Lario D, Leske RA, Mcnutt Jr RL, Mitchell DG, Mitchell JG, Malandraki O, Schwadron NAet al., 2023,

  Analyses of ∼0.05-2 MeV Ions Associated with the 2022 February 16 Energetic Storm Particle Event Observed by Parker Solar Probe

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 958, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Lorfing CY, Reid HAS, Gomez-Herrero R, Maksimovic M, Nicolaou G, Owen CJ, Rodriguez-Pacheco J, Ryan DF, Trotta D, Verscharen Det al., 2023,

  Solar Electron Beam-Langmuir Wave Interactions and How They Modify Solar Electron Beam Spectra: Solar Orbiter Observations of a Match Made in the Heliosphere

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 959, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Rasca AP, Farrell WM, Gruesbeck JR, MacDowall RJ, Bale SD, Kasper JCet al., 2023,

  Switchbacks and Associated Magnetic Holes Observed near the Alfvén Critical Surface

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 959, ISSN: 0004-637X
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• Journal article
  Rosenfeld D, Kokhanovsky A, Goren T, Gryspeerdt E, Hasekamp O, Jia H, Lopatin A, Quaas J, Pan Z, Sourdeval Oet al., 2023,

  Frontiers in satellite‐based estimates of cloud‐mediated aerosol forcing

  , Reviews of Geophysics, Vol: 61, ISSN: 8755-1209

  Atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth's climate in many ways, including acting as the seeds on which cloud droplets form. Since a large fraction of these particles is anthropogenic, the clouds' microphysical and radiative characteristics are influenced by human activity on a global scale leading to important climatic effects. The respective change in the energy budget at the top of the atmosphere is defined as the effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interaction (ERFaci). It is estimated that the ERFaci offsets presently nearly 1/4 of the greenhouse-induced warming, but the uncertainty is within a factor of two. A common method to calculate the ERFaci is by the multiplication of the susceptibility of the cloud radiative effect to changes in aerosols by the anthropogenic change of the aerosol concentration. This has to be done by integrating it over all cloud regimes. Here we review the various methods of the ERFaci estimation. Global measurements require satellites' global coverage. The challenge of quantifying aerosol amounts in cloudy atmospheres are met with the rapid development of novel methodologies reviewed here. The aerosol characteristics can be retrieved from space based on their optical properties, including polarization. The concentrations of the aerosols that serve as cloud drop condensation nuclei can be also estimated from their impact on the satellite-retrieved cloud drop number concentrations. These observations are critical for reducing the uncertainty in the ERFaci calculated from global climate models (GCMs), but further development is required to allow GCMs to properly simulate and benefit these novel observables.

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  Hwang K-J, Nakamura R, Eastwood JP, Fuselier SA, Hasegawa H, Nakamura T, Lavraud B, Dokgo K, Turner DL, Ergun RE, Reiff PHet al., 2023,

  Cross-scale processes of magnetic reconnection

  , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 219, ISSN: 0038-6308

  Various physical processes in association with magnetic reconnection occur over multiple scales from the microscopic to macroscopic scale lengths. This paper reviews multi-scale and cross-scale aspects of magnetic reconnection revealed in the near-Earth space beyond the general global-scale features and magnetospheric circulation organized by the Dungey Cycle. Significant and novel advancements recently reported, in particular, since the launch of the Magnetospheric Multi-scale mission (MMS), are highlighted being categorized into different locations with different magnetic topologies. These potentially paradigm-shifting findings include shock and foreshock transient driven reconnection, magnetosheath turbulent reconnection, flow shear driven reconnection, multiple X-line structures generated in the dayside/flankside/nightside magnetospheric current sheets, development and evolution of reconnection-driven structures such as flux transfer events, flux ropes, and dipolarization fronts, and their interactions with ambient plasmas. The paper emphasizes key aspects of kinetic processes leading to multi-scale structures and bringing large-scale impacts of magnetic reconnection as discovered in the geospace environment. These key features can be relevant and applicable to understanding other heliospheric and astrophysical systems.

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  Hartinger MD, Elsden T, Archer MO, Takahashi K, Wright AN, Artemyev A, Zhang X, Angelopoulos Vet al., 2023,

  Properties of Magnetohydrodynamic normal modes in the Earth's magnetosphere

  , JGR: Space Physics, Vol: 128, ISSN: 2169-9402

  The Earth's magnetosphere supports a variety of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) normal modes with Ultra Low Frequencies (ULF) including standing Alfvén waves and cavity/waveguide modes. Their amplitudes and frequencies depend in part on the properties of the magnetosphere (size of cavity, wave speed distribution). In this work, we use ∼13 years of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite magnetic field observations, combined with linearized MHD numerical simulations, to examine the properties of MHD normal modes in the region L > 5 and for frequencies <80 mHz. We identify persistent normal mode structure in observed dawn sector power spectra with frequency-dependent wave power peaks like those obtained from simulation ensemble averages, where the simulations assume different radial Alfvén speed profiles and magnetopause locations. We further show with both observations and simulations how frequency-dependent wave power peaks at L > 5 depend on both the magnetopause location and the location of peaks in the radial Alfvén speed profile. Finally, we discuss how these results might be used to better model radiation belt electron dynamics related to ULF waves.

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  Klein KG, Spence H, Alexandrova O, Argall M, Arzamasskiy L, Bookbinder J, Broeren T, Caprioli D, Case A, Chandran B, Chen L-J, Dors I, Eastwood J, Forsyth C, Galvin A, Genot V, Halekas J, Hesse M, Hine B, Horbury T, Jian L, Kasper J, Kretzschmar M, Kunz M, Lavraud B, Le Contel O, Mallet A, Maruca B, Matthaeus W, Niehof J, OBrien H, Owen C, Retinò A, Reynolds C, Roberts O, Schekochihin A, Skoug R, Smith C, Smith S, Steinberg J, Stevens M, Szabo A, TenBarge J, Torbert R, Vasquez B, Verscharen D, Whittlesey P, Wickizer B, Zank G, Zweibel Eet al., 2023,

  HelioSwarm: a multipoint, multiscale mission to characterize turbulence

  , Space Science Reviews, Vol: 219, ISSN: 0038-6308

  HelioSwarm (HS) is a NASA Medium-Class Explorer mission of the Heliophysics Division designed to explore the dynamic three-dimensional mechanisms controlling the physics of plasma turbulence, a ubiquitous process occurring in the heliosphere and in plasmas throughout the universe. This will be accomplished by making simultaneous measurements at nine spacecraft with separations spanning magnetohydrodynamic and sub-ion spatial scales in a variety of near-Earth plasmas. In this paper, we describe the scientific background for the HS investigation, the mission goals and objectives, the observatory reference trajectory and instrumentation implementation before the start of Phase B. Through multipoint, multiscale measurements, HS promises to reveal how energy is transferred across scales and boundaries in plasmas throughout the universe.

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  Dimmock AP, Gedalin M, Lalti A, Trotta D, Khotyaintsev YV, Graham DB, Johlander A, Vainio R, Blanco-Cano X, Kajdic P, Owen CJ, Wimmer-Schweingruber RFet al., 2023,

  Backstreaming ions at a high Mach number interplanetary shock Solar Orbiter measurements during the nominal mission phase

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 679, ISSN: 0004-6361
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