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  • Journal article
    Zhao L-L, Zank GP, Adhikari L, Hu Q, Kasper JC, Bale SD, Korreck KE, Case AW, Stevens M, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Larson DE, Livi R, Whittlesey P, Klein KGet al., 2020,

    Identification of Magnetic Flux Ropes from <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> Observations during the First Encounter

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Qudsi RA, Maruca BA, Matthaeus WH, Parashar TN, Bandyopadhyay R, Chhiber R, Chasapis A, Goldstein ML, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Case AW, Stevens M, Whittlesey P, Larson D, Livi R, Velli M, Raouafi Net al., 2020,

    Observations of Heating along Intermittent Structures in the Inner Heliosphere from <i>PSP</i> Data

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Rouillard AP, Kouloumvakos A, Vourlidas A, Kasper J, Bale S, Raouafi N-E, Lavraud B, Howard RA, Stenborg G, Stevens M, Poirier N, Davies JA, Hess P, Higginson AK, Lavarra M, Viall NM, Korreck K, Pinto RF, Griton L, Reville V, Louarn P, Wu Y, Dalmasse K, Genot V, Case AW, Whittlesey P, Larson D, Halekas JS, Livi R, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Bonnell J, de Witt TD, Penou Eet al., 2020,

    Relating Streamer Flows to Density and Magnetic Structures at the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i>

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Panasenco O, Velli M, D'Amicis R, Shi C, Reville V, Bale SD, Badman ST, Kasper J, Korreck K, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Case AW, Larson D, Livi R, Stevens M, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    Exploring Solar Wind Origins and Connecting Plasma Flows from the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> to 1 au: Nonspherical Source Surface and Alfvenic Fluctuations

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Chhiber R, Goldstein ML, Maruca BA, Chasapis A, Matthaeus WH, Ruffolo D, Bandyopadhyay R, Parashar TN, Qudsi R, de Wit TD, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Case AW, Stevens M, Whittlesey P, Larson D, Livi R, Velli M, Raouafi Net al., 2020,

    Clustering of Intermittent Magnetic and Flow Structures near <i>Parker</i> <i>Solar Probe</i>'s First Perihelion-A Partial-variance-of-increments Analysis

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Szabo A, Larson D, Whittlesey P, Stevens ML, Lavraud B, Phan T, Wallace S, Jones-Mecholsky S, Arge CN, Badman ST, Odstrcil D, Pogorelov N, Kim T, Riley P, Henney CJ, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Case AW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey P, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Koval A, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa Met al., 2020,

    The Heliospheric Current Sheet in the Inner Heliosphere Observed by the<i>Parker Solar Probe</i>

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Parashar TN, Goldstein ML, Maruca BA, Matthaeus WH, Ruffolo D, Bandyopadhyay R, Chhiber R, Chasapis A, Qudsi R, Vech D, Roberts DA, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Case AW, Stevens M, Whittlesey P, Larson D, Livi R, Velli M, Raouafi Net al., 2020,

    Measures of Scale-dependent Alfvenicity in the First <i>PSP</i> Solar Encounter

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Moncuquet M, Meyer-Vernet N, Issautier K, Pulupa M, Bonnell JW, Bale SD, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Griton L, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Maksimovic M, Malaspina DMet al., 2020,

    First In Situ Measurements of Electron Density and Temperature from Quasi-thermal Noise Spectroscopy with <i>Parker Solar Probe</i>/FIELDS

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Nieves-Chinchilla T, Szabo A, Korreck KE, Alzate N, Balmaceda LA, Lavraud B, Paulson K, Narock AA, Wallace S, Jian LK, Luhmann JG, Morgan H, Higginson A, Arge CN, Bale SD, Case AW, de Wit TD, Giacalone J, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Jones-Melosky SI, Kasper JC, Larson DE, Livi R, McComas DJ, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Raouafi NE, Schwadron N, Stevens ML, Whittlesey PLet al., 2020,

    Analysis of the Internal Structure of the Streamer Blowout Observed by the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> During the First Solar Encounter

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Malaspina DM, Halekas J, Bercic L, Larson D, Whittlesey P, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Ergun RE, Howes G, Goetz K, Goodrich K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa M, Case AW, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Livi R, Stevens MLet al., 2020,

    Plasma Waves near the Electron Cyclotron Frequency in the Near-Sun Solar Wind

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Mozer FS, Agapitov OV, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Case T, Chaston CC, Curtis DW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Goodrich KA, Harvey PR, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Krasnoselskikh V, Larson DE, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Stevens M, Whittlesey PL, Wygant JRet al., 2020,

    Switchbacks in the Solar Magnetic Field: Their Evolution, Their Content, and Their Effects on the Plasma

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Halekas JS, Whittlesey P, Larson DE, McGinnis D, Maksimovic M, Berthomier M, Kasper JC, Case AW, Korreck KE, Stevens ML, Klein KG, Bale SD, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa MP, Malaspina DM, Goetz K, Harvey PRet al., 2020,

    Electrons in the Young Solar Wind: First Results from the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i>

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Mitchell DG, Giacalone J, Allen RC, Hill ME, McNutt RL, McComas DJ, Szalay JR, Schwadron NA, Rouillard AP, Bale SB, Chaston CC, Pulupa MP, Whittlesey PL, Kasper JC, MacDowall RJ, Christian ER, Wiedenbeck ME, Matthaeus WHet al., 2020,

    CME-associated Energetic Ions at 0.23 au: Consideration of the Auroral Pressure Cooker Mechanism Operating in the Low Corona as a Possible Energization Process

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Schwadron NA, Bale S, Bonnell J, Case A, Christian ER, Cohen CMS, Cummings AC, Davis AJ, de Wit TD, de Wet W, Desai MI, Joyce CJ, Goetz K, Giacalone J, Gorby M, Harvey P, Heber B, Hill ME, Karavolos M, Kasper JC, Korreck K, Larson D, Livi R, Leske RA, Malandraki O, MacDowall R, Malaspina D, Matthaeus WH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mewaldt RA, Mitchell DG, Mays L, Niehof JT, Odstrcil D, Pulupa M, Poduval B, Rankin JS, Roelof EC, Stevens M, Stone EC, Szalay JR, Wiedenbeck ME, Winslow R, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    Seed Population Preconditioning and Acceleration Observed by the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i>

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Desai MI, Mitchell DG, Szalay JR, Roelof EC, Giacalone J, Hill ME, McComas DJ, Christian ER, Schwadron NA, McNutt RL, Wiedenbeck ME, Joyce C, Cohen CMS, Ebert RW, Dayeh MA, Allen RC, Davis AJ, Krimigis SM, Leske RA, Matthaeus WH, Malandraki O, Mewaldt RA, Labrador A, Stone EC, Bale SD, Pulupa M, MacDowall RJ, Kasper JCet al., 2020,

    Properties of Suprathermal-through-energetic He Ions Associated with Stream Interaction Regions Observed over the <i>Parker Solar Probe's</i> First Two Orbits

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Cohen CMS, Christian ER, Cummings AC, Davis AJ, Desai MI, Giacalone J, Hill ME, Joyce CJ, Labrador AW, Leske RA, Matthaeus WH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mewaldt RA, Mitchell DG, Rankin JS, Roelof EC, Schwadron NA, Stone EC, Szalay JR, Wiedenbeck ME, Allen RC, Ho GC, Jian LK, Lario D, Odstrcil D, Bale SD, Badman ST, Pulupa M, MacDowall RJ, Kasper JC, Case AW, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Livi R, Stevens ML, Whittlesey Pet al., 2020,

    Energetic Particle Increases Associated with Stream Interaction Regions

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Chaston CC, Bonnell JW, Bale SD, Kasper JC, Pulupa M, de Wit TD, Bowen TA, Larson DE, Whittlesey PL, Wygant JR, Salem CS, MacDowall RJ, Livi RL, Vech D, Case AW, Stevens ML, Korreck KE, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Malaspina DMet al., 2020,

    MHD Mode Composition in the Inner Heliosphere from the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i>'s First Perihelion

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Huang J, Kasper JC, Vech D, Klein KG, Stevens M, Martinovic MM, Alterman BL, Durovcova T, Paulson K, Maruca BA, Qudsi RA, Case AW, Korreck KE, Jian LK, Velli M, Lavraud B, Hegedus A, Bert CM, Holmes J, Bale SD, Larson DE, Livi R, Whittlesey P, Pulupa M, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Bonnell JW, Harvey P, Goetz K, de Wit TDet al., 2020,

    Proton Temperature Anisotropy Variations in Inner Heliosphere Estimated with the First <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> Observations

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Shatwell P, Czaja A, Ferreira D, 2020,

    Ocean heat storage rate unaffected by MOC weakening in an idealised climate model
  • Report
    Ceppi P, Gregory J, 2020,

    Climate sensitivity: What is it, and why is it important?

    , Climate sensitivity: What is it, and why is it important?, Publisher: The Grantham Institute, 11

    Climate sensitivity is a fundamental measure of global climate change. This briefing paper explains how climate sensitivity is estimated from different lines of evidence – modelling, observations, and palaeoclimate records – and why its exact value remains uncertain.
  • Journal article
    Maksimovic M, Bale SD, Bercic L, Bonnell JW, Case AW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Halekas JS, Harvey PR, Issautier K, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Jagarlamudi VK, Lahmiti N, Larson DE, Lecacheux A, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Martinovic MM, Meyer-Vernet N, Moncuquet M, Pulupa M, Salem C, Stevens ML, Stverak S, Velli M, Whittlesey PLet al., 2020,

    Anticorrelation between the Bulk Speed and the Electron Temperature in the Pristine Solar Wind: First Results from the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> and Comparison with <i>Helios</i>

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Wiedenbeck ME, Bucik R, Mason GM, Ho GC, Leske RA, Cohen CMS, Christian ER, Cummings AC, Davis AJ, Desai M, Giacalone J, Haggerty DK, Hill ME, Joyce CJ, Labrador AW, Malandraki O, Matthaeus WH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mewaldt RA, Mitchell DG, Posner A, Rankin JS, Roelof EC, Schwadron NA, Stone EC, Szalay JR, Bale SD, Case AW, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson DE, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa M, Stevens MLet al., 2020,

    <SUP>3</SUP>He-rich Solar Energetic Particle Observations at the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> and near Earth

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Vech D, Kasper JC, Klein KG, Huang J, Stevens ML, Chen CHK, Case AW, Korreck K, Bale SD, Bowen TA, Whittlesey PL, Livi R, Larson DE, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Bonnell J, Harvey P, Goetz K, de Wit TD, MacDowall Ret al., 2020,

    Kinetic-scale Spectral Features of Cross Helicity and Residual Energy in the Inner Heliosphere

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Journal article
    Escoubet CP, Hwang K-J, Toledo-Redondo S, Turc L, Haaland SE, Aunai N, Dargent J, Eastwood JP, Fear RC, Fu H, Genestreti KJ, Graham DB, Khotyaintsev YV, Lapenta G, Lavraud B, Norgren C, Sibeck DG, Varsani A, Berchem J, Dimmock AP, Paschmann G, Dunlop M, Bogdanova YV, Roberts O, Laakso H, Masson A, Taylor MGGT, Kajdič P, Carr C, Dandouras I, Fazakerley A, Nakamura R, Burch JL, Giles BL, Pollock C, Russell CT, Torbert RBet al., 2020,

    Cluster and MMS simultaneous observations of magnetosheath high speed jets and their impact on the magnetopause

    , Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol: 6, Pages: 1-21, ISSN: 2296-987X

    When the supersonic solar wind encounters the Earth's magnetosphere a shock, called bow shock, is formed and the plasma is decelerated and thermalized in the magnetosheath downstream from the shock. Sometimes, however, due to discontinuities in the solar wind, bow shock ripples or ionized dust clouds carried by the solar wind, high speed jets (HSJs) are observed in the magnetosheath. These HSJs have typically a Vx component larger than 200 km s−1 and their dynamic pressure can be a few times the solar wind dynamic pressure. They are typically observed downstream from the quasi-parallel bow shock and have a typical size around one Earth radius (RE) in XGSE. We use a conjunction of Cluster and MMS, crossing simultaneously the magnetopause, to study the characteristics of these HSJs and their impact on the magnetopause. Over 1 h 15 min interval in the magnetosheath, Cluster observed 21 HSJs. During the same period, MMS observed 12 HSJs and entered the magnetosphere several times. A jet was observed simultaneously by both MMS and Cluster and it is very likely that they were two distinct HSJs. This shows that HSJs are not localized into small regions but could span a region larger than 10 RE, especially when the quasi-parallel shock is covering the entire dayside magnetosphere under radial IMF. During this period, two and six magnetopause crossings were observed, respectively, on Cluster and MMS with a significant angle between the observation and the expected normal deduced from models. The angles observed range between from 11° up to 114°. One inbound magnetopause crossing observed by Cluster (magnetopause moving out at 142 km s−1) was observed simultaneous to an outbound magnetopause crossing observed by MMS (magnetopause moving in at −83 km s−1), showing that the magnetopause can have multiple local indentation places, most likely independent from each other. Under the continuous impacts of HSJs, the magnetopause is deformed significan
  • Journal article
    Perrone D, D'Amicis R, De Marco R, Matteini L, Stansby D, Bruno R, Horbury TSet al., 2020,

    Highly Alfvenic slow solar wind at 0.3 au during a solar minimum: Helios insights for Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter

    , Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal, Vol: 633, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 0004-6361

    Alfvénic fluctuations in solar wind are an intrinsic property of fast streams, while slow intervals typically have a very low degree of Alfvénicity, with much more variable parameters. However, sometimes a slow wind can be highly Alfvénic. Here we compare three different regimes of solar wind, in terms of Alfvénic content and spectral properties, during a minimum phase of the solar activity and at 0.3 au. We show that fast and Alfvénic slow intervals share some common characteristics. This would suggest a similar solar origin, with the latter coming from over-expanded magnetic field lines, in agreement with observations at 1 au and at the maximum of the solar cycle. Due to the Alfvénic nature of the fluctuations in both fast and Alfvénic slow winds, we observe a well-defined correlation between the flow speed and the angle between magnetic field vector and radial direction. The high level of Alfvénicity is also responsible of intermittent enhancements (i.e. spikes), in plasma speed. Moreover, only for the Alfvénic intervals do we observe a break between the inertial range and large scales, on about the timescale typical of the Alfvénic fluctuations and where the magnetic fluctuations saturate, limited by the magnitude of the local magnetic field. In agreement with this, we recover a characteristic low-frequency 1/f scaling, as expected for fluctuations that are scale-independent. This work is directly relevant for the next solar missions, Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter. One of the goals of these two missions is to study the origin and evolution of slow solar wind. In particular, Parker Solar Probe will give information about the Alfvénic slow wind in the unexplored region much closer to the Sun and Solar Orbiter will allow us to connect the observed physics to the source of the plasma.
  • Journal article
    Wang R, Vasko IY, Mozer FS, Bale SD, Artemyev AV, Bonnell JW, Ergun R, Giles B, Lindqvist P-A, Russell CT, Strangeway Ret al., 2020,

    Electrostatic Turbulence and Debye-scale Structures in Collisionless Shocks

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 889, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Liu Z, Wang L, Shi Q, Oka M, Yang L, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF, He J, Tian H, Bale SDet al., 2020,

    Case Study of Solar Wind Suprathermal Electron Acceleration at the Earth's Bow Shock

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 889, ISSN: 2041-8205
  • Journal article
    Gryspeerdt E, Mülmenstädt J, Gettelman A, Malavelle F, Morrison H, Neubauer D, Partridge D, Stier P, Takemura T, Wang H, Wang M, Zhang Ket al., 2020,

    Surprising similarities in model and observational aerosol radiative forcing estimates

    , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol: 20, Pages: 613-623, ISSN: 1680-7316

    The radiative forcing from aerosols (particularly through their interaction with clouds) remains one of the mostuncertain components of the human forcing of the climate. Observation-based studies have typically found a smaller aerosoleffective radiative forcing than in model simulations and were given preferential weighting in the IPCC AR5 report. With theirown sources of uncertainty, it is not clear that observation-based estimates are more reliable. Understanding the source of the model-observational difference is thus vital to reduce uncertainty in the impact of aerosols on the climate.These reported discrepancies arise from the different methods of separating the components of aerosol forcing used in modeland observational studies. Applying the observational decomposition to global climate model output, the two different linesof evidence are surprisingly similar, with a much better agreement on the magnitude of aerosol impacts on cloud properties.Cloud adjustments remain a significant source of uncertainty, particularly for ice clouds. However, they are consistent with the uncertainty from observation-based methods, with the liquid water path adjustment usually enhancing the Twomey effectby less than 50%. Depending on different sets of assumptions, this work suggests that model and observation-based estimatescould be more equally weighted in future synthesis studies.
  • Journal article
    Zelinka MD, Myers TA, McCoy DT, PoChedley S, Caldwell PM, Ceppi P, Klein SA, Taylor KEet al., 2020,

    Causes of higher climate sensitivity in CMIP6 models

    , Geophysical Research Letters, Vol: 47, ISSN: 0094-8276

    Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO urn:x-wiley:grl:media:grl60047:grl60047-math-0001 doubling, has been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global climate models (GCMs), which attempt to represent all relevant physical processes, provide the most direct means of estimating climate sensitivity via CO urn:x-wiley:grl:media:grl60047:grl60047-math-0002 quadrupling experiments. Here we show that the closely related effective climate sensitivity has increased substantially in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), with values spanning 1.8–5.6 K across 27 GCMs and exceeding 4.5 K in 10 of them. This (statistically insignificant) increase is primarily due to stronger positive cloud feedbacks from decreasing extratropical low cloud coverage and albedo. Both of these are tied to the physical representation of clouds which in CMIP6 models lead to weaker responses of extratropical low cloud cover and water content to unforced variations in surface temperature. Establishing the plausibility of these higher sensitivity models is imperative given their implied societal ramifications.
  • Journal article
    Gingell I, Schwartz SJ, Eastwood JP, Stawarz JE, Burch JL, Ergun RE, Fuselier SA, Gershman DJ, Giles BL, Khotyaintsev YV, Lavraud B, Lindqvist P, Paterson WR, Phan TD, Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Torbert RB, Wilder Fet al., 2020,

    Statistics of reconnecting current sheets in the transition region of earth's bow shock

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 125, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2169-9380

    We have conducted a comprehensive survey of burst mode observations of Earth's bow shock by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission to identify and characterize current sheets associated with collisionless shocks, with a focus on those containing fast electron outflows, a likely signature of magnetic reconnection. The survey demonstrates that these thin current sheets are observed within the transition region of approximately 40% of shocks within the burst mode data set of Magnetospheric Multiscale. With only small apparent bias toward quasi‐parallel shock orientations and high Alfvén Mach numbers, the results suggest that reconnection at shocks is a universal process, occurring across all shock orientations and Mach numbers. On examining the distributions of current sheet properties, we find no correlation between distance from the shock, sheet width, or electron jet speed, though the relationship between electron and ion jet speed supports expectations of electron‐only reconnection in the region. Furthermore, we find that robust heating statistics are not separable from background fluctuations, and thus, the primary consequence of reconnection at shocks is in relaxing the topology of the disordered magnetic field in the transition region.

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