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Journal articleLavergne A, Voelker S, Csank A, et al., 2020,
Historical changes in the stomatal limitation of photosynthesis: empirical support for an optimality principle
, New Phytologist, Vol: 225, Pages: 2484-2497, ISSN: 0028-646XThe ratio of leaf‐internal (ci) to ambient (ca) partial pressure of CO2, defined here as χ, is an index of adjustments in both leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate to environmental conditions. Measurements and proxies of this ratio can be used to constrain vegetation models uncertainties for predicting terrestrial carbon uptake and water use.We test a theory based on the least‐cost optimality hypothesis for modelling historical changes in χ over the 1951‐2014 period, across different tree species and environmental conditions, as reconstructed from stable carbon isotopic measurements across a global network of 103 absolutely‐dated tree‐ring chronologies. The theory predicts optimal χ as a function of air temperature, vapour pressure deficit, ca and atmospheric pressure.The theoretical model predicts 39% of the variance in χ values across sites and years, but underestimates the inter‐site variability in the reconstructed χ trends, resulting in only 8% of the variance in χ trends across years explained by the model.Overall, our results support theoretical predictions that variations in χ are tightly regulated by the four environmental drivers. They also suggest that explicitly accounting for the effects of plant‐available soil water and other site‐specific characteristics might improve the predictions.
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Journal articleBellouin N, Quaas J, Gryspeerdt E, et al., 2020,
Bounding global aerosol radiative forcing of climate change
, Reviews of Geophysics, Vol: 58, Pages: 1-45, ISSN: 8755-1209Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the im balance in the Earth’s radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable and arguable lines of evidence, including modelling approaches, theoretical considerations, and obser vations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol-radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol61 driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed-phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of −1.60 to −0.65 W m−2, or −2.0 to −0.4 W m−2 with a 90% like lihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Cli mate Change assessment but shifted towards more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial-era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.
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Journal articleHaaland S, Paschmann G, Øieroset M, et al., 2020,
Characteristics of the flank magnetopause: MMS results
, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 125, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 2169-9380We have used a large number of magnetopause crossings by the Magnetospheric Multi Spacecraft (MMS) mission to investigate macroscopic properties of this current sheet, with emphasis on the flanks of the magnetopause. Macroscopic features such as thickness, location and motion of the magnetopause were calculated as a function of local time sector. The results show that the flanks of the magnetopause are significantly thicker than the dayside magnetopause. Thicknesses vary from about 650 km near noon to over 1000 km near the terminator. Current densities varies in a similar manner, with average current densities around noon almost twice as high as near the terminator. We also find a dawn‐dusk asymmetry in many of the macroscopic parameters; The dawn magnetopause is thicker than at dusk, while the dusk flank is more dynamic, with a higher average normal velocity.
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Journal articleNakamura TKM, Stawarz JE, Hasegawa H, et al., 2020,
Effects of Fluctuating Magnetic Field on the Growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at the Earth's Magnetopause
, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 125, ISSN: 2169-9380- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 19
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Journal articleSimon AA, Fletcher LN, Arridge C, et al., 2020,
A review of the in situ probe designs from recent ice giant mission concept studies
, Space Science Reviews, Vol: 216, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 0038-6308For the Ice Giants, atmospheric entry probes provide critical measurements not attainable via remote observations. Including the 2013–2022 NASA Planetary Decadal Survey, there have been at least five comprehensive atmospheric probe engineering design studies performed in recent years by NASA and ESA. International science definition teams have assessed the science requirements, and each recommended similar measurements and payloads to meet science goals with current instrument technology. The probe system concept has matured and converged on general design parameters that indicate the probe would include a 1-meter class aeroshell and have a mass around 350 to 400-kg. Probe battery sizes vary, depending on the duration of a post-release coast phase, and assumptions about heaters and instrument power needs. The various mission concepts demonstrate the need for advanced power and thermal protection system development. The many completed studies show an Ice Giant mission with an in situ probe is feasible and would be welcomed by the international science community.
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Journal articlePhan TD, Bale SD, Eastwood JP, et al., 2020,
Parker solar probe In situ observations of magnetic reconnection exhausts during encounter 1
, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, Vol: 246, Pages: 34-34, ISSN: 0067-0049Magnetic reconnection in current sheets converts magnetic energy into particle energy. The process may play an important role in the acceleration and heating of the solar wind close to the Sun. Observations from Parker Solar Probe (PSP) provide a new opportunity to study this problem, as it measures the solar wind at unprecedented close distances to the Sun. During the first orbit, PSP encountered a large number of current sheets in the solar wind through perihelion at 35.7 solar radii. We performed a comprehensive survey of these current sheets and found evidence for 21 reconnection exhausts. These exhausts were observed in heliospheric current sheets, coronal mass ejections, and regular solar wind. However, we find that the majority of current sheets encountered around perihelion, where the magnetic field was strongest and plasma β was lowest, were Alfvénic structures associated with bursty radial jets, and these current sheets did not appear to be undergoing local reconnection. We examined conditions around current sheets to address why some current sheets reconnected while others did not. A key difference appears to be the degree of plasma velocity shear across the current sheets: the median velocity shear for the 21 reconnection exhausts was 24% of the Alfvén velocity shear, whereas the median shear across 43 Alfvénic current sheets examined was 71% of the Alfvén velocity shear. This finding could suggest that large, albeit sub-Alfvénic, velocity shears suppress reconnection. An alternative interpretation is that the Alfvénic current sheets are isolated rotational discontinuities that do not undergo local reconnection.
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Journal articleHorbury T, Woolley T, Laker R, et al., 2020,
Sharp Alfvenic impulses in the near-Sun solar wind
, The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics, Vol: 246, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 0004-637XMeasurements of the near-Sun solar wind by Parker Solar Probe have revealed the presence of largenumbers of discrete Alfv ́enic impulses with an anti-Sunward sense of propagation. These are similarto those previously observed near 1 AU, in high speed streams over the Sun’s poles and at 60 solarradii. At 35 solar radii, however, they are typically shorter and sharper than seen elsewhere. Inaddition, these spikes occur in “patches” and there are also clear periods within the same stream whenthey do not occur; the timescale of these patches might be related to the rate at which the spacecraftmagnetic footpoint tracks across the coronal hole from which the plasma originated. While the velocityfluctuations associated with these spikes are typically under 100 km/s, due to the rather low Alfv ́enspeeds in the streams observed by the spacecraft to date, these are still associated with large angulardeflections of the magnetic field - and these deflections are not isotropic. These deflections do notappear to be related to the recently reported large scale, pro-rotation solar wind flow. Estimates ofthe size and shape of the spikes reveal high aspect ratio flow-aligned structures with a transverse scaleof≈104km. These events might be signatures of near-Sun impulsive reconnection events.
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Journal articleNemecek Z, Durovcova T, Safrankova J, et al., 2020,
What is the solar wind frame of reference?
, The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics, Vol: 889, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 0004-637XVarious solar wind ion species move with different speeds and theoretical considerations as well as limited observations in a region close to the Sun show that heavy solar wind ions tend to flow faster than protons, at least in less-aged fast solar wind streams. The solar wind flow carries the frozen-in interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and this situation evokes three related questions: (i) what is the proper solar wind speed, (ii) is this speed equal to the speed of the dominant component, whatever that may be, and (iii) what is the speed of the magnetic field? We show that simple theoretical considerations based on the MHD approximation as well as on the dynamics of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields suggest that the IMF velocity of motion (de Hoffmann–Teller (HT) velocity) would be deliberated as the velocity appropriate for solar wind studies. Our analysis based on the Wind, Helios, ACE, and SOHO observations of differential streaming of solar wind populations shows that their energy is conserved in the HT frame. On the other hand, the noise and temporal resolution of the data do not allow us to decide whether the total momentum is also conserved in this frame.
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Journal articleSzalay JR, Pokorny P, Bale SD, et al., 2020,
The Near-Sun Dust Environment: Initial Observations fromParker Solar Probe
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleBandyopadhyay R, Goldstein ML, Maruca BA, et al., 2020,
Enhanced Energy Transfer Rate in Solar Wind Turbulence Observed near the Sun from Parker Solar Probe
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleStansby D, Matteini L, Horbury TS, et al., 2020,
The origin of slow Alfvenic solar wind at solar minimum
, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol: 492, Pages: 39-44, ISSN: 0035-8711Although the origins of slow solar wind are unclear, there is increasing evidence that at least some of it is released in a steady state on overexpanded coronal hole magnetic field lines. This type of slow wind has similar properties to the fast solar wind, including strongly Alfvénic fluctuations. In this study, a combination of proton, alpha particle, and electron measurements are used to investigate the kinetic properties of a single interval of slow Alfvénic wind at 0.35 au. It is shown that this slow Alfvénic interval is characterized by high alpha particle abundances, pronounced alpha–proton differential streaming, strong proton beams, and large alpha-to-proton temperature ratios. These are all features observed consistently in the fast solar wind, adding evidence that at least some Alfvénic slow solar wind also originates in coronal holes. Observed differences between speed, mass flux, and electron temperature between slow Alfvénic and fast winds are explained by differing magnetic field geometry in the lower corona.
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Journal articleLeske RA, Christian ER, Cohen CMS, et al., 2020,
Observations of the 2019 April 4 Solar Energetic Particle Event at theParker Solar Probe
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleGiacalone J, Mitchell DG, Allen RC, et al., 2020,
Solar Energetic Particles Produced by a Slow Coronal Mass Ejection at similar to 0.25 au
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleTenerani A, Velli M, Matteini L, et al., 2020,
Magnetic field kinks and folds in the solar wind
, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol: 246, Pages: 1-7, ISSN: 0067-0049Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observations during its first encounter at 35.7 R ⊙ have shown the presence of magnetic field lines that are strongly perturbed to the point that they produce local inversions of the radial magnetic field, known as switchbacks. Their counterparts in the solar wind velocity field are local enhancements in the radial speed, or jets, displaying (in all components) the velocity–magnetic field correlation typical of large amplitude Alfvén waves propagating away from the Sun. Switchbacks and radial jets have previously been observed over a wide range of heliocentric distances by Helios, Wind, and Ulysses, although they were prevalent in significantly faster streams than seen at PSP. Here we study via numerical magnetohydrodynamics simulations the evolution of such large amplitude Alfvénic fluctuations by including, in agreement with observations, both a radial magnetic field inversion and an initially constant total magnetic pressure. Despite the extremely large excursion of magnetic and velocity fields, switchbacks are seen to persist for up to hundreds of Alfvén crossing times before eventually decaying due to the parametric decay instability. Our results suggest that such switchback/jet configurations might indeed originate in the lower corona and survive out to PSP distances, provided the background solar wind is sufficiently calm, in the sense of not being pervaded by strong density fluctuations or other gradients, such as stream or magnetic field shears, that might destabilize or destroy them over shorter timescales.
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Journal articleChen CHK, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, et al., 2020,
The Evolution and Role of Solar Wind Turbulence in the Inner Heliosphere
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articlede Wit TD, Krasnoselskikh VV, Bale SD, et al., 2020,
Switchbacks in the Near-Sun Magnetic Field: Long Memory and Impact on the Turbulence Cascade
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleMartinovic MM, Klein KG, Kasper JC, et al., 2020,
The Enhancement of Proton Stochastic Heating in the Near-Sun Solar Wind
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleReville V, Velli M, Panasenco O, et al., 2020,
The Role of Alfven Wave Dynamics on the Large-scale Properties of the Solar Wind: Comparing an MHD Simulation with <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> E1 Data
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 59
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Journal articlePage B, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, et al., 2020,
Examining Dust Directionality with the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> FIELDS Instrument
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 24
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Journal articleBadman ST, Bale SD, Oliveros JCM, et al., 2020,
Magnetic Connectivity of the Ecliptic Plane within 0.5 au: Potential Field Source Surface Modeling of the First<i>Parker Solar Probe</i>Encounter
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleKim TK, Pogorelov NV, Arge CN, et al., 2020,
Predicting the Solar Wind at the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> Using an Empirically Driven MHD Model
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 15
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Journal articleAllen RC, Lario D, Odstrcil D, et al., 2020,
Solar Wind Streams and Stream Interaction Regions Observed by the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> with Corresponding Observations at 1 au
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 37
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Journal articleBandyopadhyay R, Matthaeus WH, Parashar TN, et al., 2020,
Observations of Energetic-particle Population Enhancements along Intermittent Structures near the Sun from the <i>Parker Solar Probe</i>
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 21
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Journal articleBowen TA, Mallet A, Huang J, et al., 2020,
Ion-scale Electromagnetic Waves in the Inner Heliosphere
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 57
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Journal articleKrupar V, Szabo A, Maksimovic M, et al., 2020,
Density Fluctuations in the Solar Wind Based on Type III Radio Bursts Observed by <i>Parker Solar Probe</i>
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 37
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Journal articleKorreck KE, Szabo A, Chinchilla TN, et al., 2020,
Source and Propagation of a Streamer Blowout Coronal Mass Ejection Observed by theParker Solar Probe
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049 -
Journal articleMcManus MD, Bowen TA, Mallet A, et al., 2020,
Cross Helicity Reversals in Magnetic Switchbacks
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 53
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Journal articleDuan D, Bowen TA, Chen CHK, et al., 2020,
The Radial Dependence of Proton-scale Magnetic Spectral Break in Slow Solar Wind during <i>PSP</i> Encounter 2
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 32
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Journal articlePulupa M, Bale SD, Badman ST, et al., 2020,
Statistics and Polarization of Type III Radio Bursts Observed in the Inner Heliosphere
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 28
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Journal articleMozer FS, Agapitov OV, Bale SD, et al., 2020,
Time Domain Structures and Dust in the Solar Vicinity: <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> Observations
, ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 246, ISSN: 0067-0049- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 11
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