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• Journal article
  Shi C, Velli M, Panasenco O, Tenerani A, Reville V, Bale SD, Kasper J, Korreck K, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Malaspina DM, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Pulupa M, Case AW, Larson D, Verniero JL, Livi R, Stevens M, Whittlesey P, Maksimovic M, Moncuquet Met al., 2021,

  Alfvenic versus non-Alfvenic turbulence in the inner heliosphere as observed by Parker Solar Probe

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 23
• Journal article
  Jagarlamudi VK, de Wit TD, Froment C, Krasnoselskikh V, Larosa A, Bercic L, Agapitov O, Halekas JS, Kretzschmar M, Malaspina D, Moncuquet M, Bale SD, Case AW, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson DE, Pulupa M, Stevens ML, Whittlesey Pet al., 2021,

  Whistler wave occurrence and the interaction with strahl electrons during the first encounter of Parker Solar Probe

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 20
• Journal article
  Froment C, Krasnoselskikh V, de Wit TD, Agapitov O, Fargette N, Lavraud B, Larosa A, Kretzschmar M, Jagarlamudi VK, Velli M, Malaspina D, Whittlesey PL, Bale SD, Case AW, Goetz K, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson DE, MacDowall RJ, Mozer FS, Pulupa M, Revillet C, Stevens MLet al., 2021,

  Direct evidence for magnetic reconnection at the boundaries of magnetic switchbacks with Parker Solar Probe

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 24
• Journal article
  Liu M, Issautier K, Meyer-Vernet N, Moncuquet M, Maksimovic M, Halekas JS, Huang J, Griton L, Bale S, Bonnell JW, Case AW, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Kasper JC, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Stevens MLet al., 2021,

  Solar wind energy flux observations in the inner heliosphere: first results from Parker Solar Probe

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 10
• Journal article
  Zhao L-L, Zank GP, Hu Q, Telloni D, Chen Y, Adhikari L, Nakanotani M, Kasper JC, Huang J, Bale SD, Korreck KE, Case AW, Stevens M, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Larson DE, Livi R, Whittlesey P, Klein KG, Raouafi NEet al., 2021,

  Detection of small magnetic flux ropes from the third and fourth Parker Solar Probe encounters

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 29
• Journal article
  Larosa A, Krasnoselskikh V, de Wit TD, Agapitov O, Froment C, Jagarlamudi VK, Velli M, Bale SD, Case AW, Goetz K, Harvey P, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson DE, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina D, Pulupa M, Revillet C, Stevens MLet al., 2021,

  Switchbacks: statistical properties and deviations from Alfvenicity

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 29
• Journal article
  Badman ST, Bale SD, Rouillard AP, Bowen TA, Bonnell JW, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa Met al., 2021,

  Measurement of the open magnetic flux in the inner heliosphere down to 0.13 AU

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 20
• Journal article
  Bandyopadhyay R, Matthaeus WH, McComas DJ, Joyce CJ, Szalay JR, Christian ER, Giacalone J, Schwadron NA, Mitchell DG, Hill ME, McNutt RL, Desai M, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Harvey PR, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Pulupa M, Kasper JC, Stevens Met al., 2021,

  Energetic particle behavior in near-Sun magnetic field switchbacks from PSP

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 11
• Journal article
  Joyce CJ, McComas DJ, Schwadron NA, Christian ER, Wiedenbeck ME, McNutt RL, Cohen CMS, Leske RA, Mewaldt RA, Stone EC, Labrador AW, Davis AJ, Cummings AC, Mitchell DG, Hill ME, Roelof EC, Allen RC, Szalay JR, Rankin JS, Desai M, Giacalone J, Matthaeus WH, Bale SD, Kasper JCet al., 2021,

  Time evolution of stream interaction region energetic particle spectra in the inner heliosphere

  , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 650, ISSN: 0004-6361
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  • Citations: 10
• Journal article
  Quijia P, Fraternale F, Stawarz J, Vásconez C, Perri S, Marino R, Yordanova E, Sorriso-Valvo Let al., 2021,

  Comparing turbulence in a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability region across the terrestrial magnetopause

  , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol: 503, Pages: 4815-4827, ISSN: 0035-8711

  The properties of turbulence observed within the plasma originating from the magnetosheath and the magnetospheric boundary layer, which have been entrained within vortices driven by the Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability (KHI), are compared. The goal of such a study is to determine similarities and differences between the two different regions. In particular, we study spectra, intermittency and the third-order moment scaling, as well as the distribution of a local energy transfer rate proxy. The analysis is performed using the Magnetospheric Multiscale data from a single satellite that crosses longitudinally the KHI. Two sets of regions, one set containing predominantly magnetosheath plasma and the other containing predominantly magnetospheric plasma, are analysed separately, thus allowing us to explore turbulence properties in two portions of very different plasma samples. Results show that the dynamics in the two regions is different, with the boundary layer plasma presenting a shallower spectra and larger energy transfer rate, indicating an early stage of turbulence. In both regions, the effect of the KHI is evidenced.

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• Journal article
  Zhang Z, Desai R, Miyake Y, Usui H, Shebanits Oet al., 2021,

  Particle-in-cell simulations of the Cassini spacecraft’s interaction with Saturn’s ionosphere during the Grand Finale

  , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol: 504, Pages: 964-973, ISSN: 0035-8711

  A surprising and unexpected phenomenon observed during Cassini’s Grand Finale was the spacecraft charging to positive potentials in Saturn’s ionosphere. Here, the ionospheric plasma was depleted of free electrons with negatively charged ions and dust accumulating up to over 95 per cent of the negative charge density. To further understand the spacecraft–plasma interaction, we perform a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell study of a model Cassini spacecraft immersed in plasma representative of Saturn’s ionosphere. The simulations reveal complex interaction features such as electron wings and a highly structured wake containing spacecraft-scale vortices. The results show how a large negative ion concentration combined with a large negative to positive ion mass ratio is able to drive the spacecraft to the observed positive potentials. Despite the high electron depletions, the electron properties are found as a significant controlling factor for the spacecraft potential together with the magnetic field orientation which induces a potential gradient directed across Cassini’s asymmetric body. This study reveals the global spacecraft interaction experienced by Cassini during the Grand Finale and how this is influenced by the unexpected negative ion and dust populations.

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• Journal article
  Desai RT, Zhang Z, Wu X, Lue Cet al., 2021,

  Photodetachment and Test-particle Simulation Constraints on Negative Ions in Solar System Plasmas

  , The Planetary Science Journal, Vol: 2, Pages: 99-99

  <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Negative ions have been detected in abundance in recent years by spacecraft across the solar system. These detections were, however, made by instruments not designed for this purpose and, as such, significant uncertainties remain regarding the prevalence of these unexpected plasma components. In this article, the phenomenon of photodetachment is examined, and experimentally and theoretically derived cross-sections are used to calculate photodetachment rates for a range of atomic and molecular negative ions subjected to the solar photon spectrum. These rates are applied to negative ions outflowing from Europa, Enceladus, Titan, Dione, and Rhea and their trajectories are traced to constrain source production rates and the extent to which negative ions are able to pervade the surrounding space environments. Predictions are also made for further negative ion populations in the outer solar system with Triton used as an illustrative example. This study demonstrates how, at increased heliocentric distances, negative ions can form stable ambient plasma populations and can be exploited by future missions to the outer solar system.</jats:p>

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• Journal article
  Johlander A, Battarbee M, Vaivads A, Turc L, Pfau-Kempf Y, Ganse U, Grandin M, Dubart M, Khotyaintsev YV, Caprioli D, Haggerty C, Schwartz SJ, Giles BL, Palmroth Met al., 2021,

  Ion Acceleration Efficiency at the Earth's Bow Shock: Observations and Simulation Results

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 914, ISSN: 0004-637X
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  • Citations: 3
• Journal article
  Weiss Z, Concepcion-Mairey F, Pickering JC, Smid Pet al., 2021,

  Emission spectroscopic study of an analytical glow discharge with plane and hollow cathodes: Titanium and iron in argon discharge

  , SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY, Vol: 180, ISSN: 0584-8547
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  • Citations: 2
• Journal article
  Starkey MJ, Fuselier SA, Desai MI, Schwartz SJ, Russell CT, Wei H, Madanian H, Mukherjee J, Wilson LBet al., 2021,

  MMS Observations of Energized He<SUP>+</SUP> Pickup Ions at Quasiperpendicular Shocks

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 913, ISSN: 0004-637X
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  • Citations: 2
• Journal article
  Quijia P, Fraternale F, Stawarz JE, Vasconez CL, Perri S, Marino R, Yordanova E, Sorriso-Valvo Let al., 2021,

  Comparing turbulence in a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability region across the terrestrial magnetopause (vol 503, pg 4815, 2021)

  , MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Vol: 503, Pages: 4828-4828, ISSN: 0035-8711
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• Journal article
  Gonzalez CA, Tenerani A, Matteini L, Hellinger P, Velli Met al., 2021,

  Proton Energization by Phase Steepening of Parallel-propagating Alfvenic Fluctuations

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 914, ISSN: 2041-8205
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  • Citations: 7
• Journal article
  Schwartz SJ, Ergun RE, Harald K, Wilson LB, Chen L-J, Goodrich KA, Turner DL, Gingell I, Madanian H, Gershman DJ, Strangeway RJet al., 2021,

  Evaluating the de Hoffmann-Teller cross-shock potential at real collisionless shocks

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• Journal article
  Kuhn-Régnier A, Voulgarakis A, Nowack P, Forkel M, Prentice IC, Harrison SPet al., 2020,

  Supplementary material to &quot;Quantifying the Importance of Antecedent Fuel-Related VegetationProperties for Burnt Area using Random Forests&quot;

  , Biogeosciences, ISSN: 1726-4170
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• Journal article
  Telloni D, Sorriso-Valvo L, Woodham LD, Panasenco O, Velli M, Carbone F, Zank GP, Bruno R, Perrone D, Nakanotani M, Shi C, D'Amicis R, De Marco R, Jagarlamudi VK, Steinvall K, Marino R, Adhikari L, Zhao L, Liang H, Tenerani A, Laker R, Horbury TS, Bale SD, Pulupa M, Malaspina DM, MacDowall RJ, Goetz K, de Wit TD, Harvey PR, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Larson D, Case AW, Stevens ML, Whittlesey P, Livi R, Owen CJ, Livi S, Louarn P, Antonucci E, Romoli M, O'Brien H, Evans V, Angelini Vet al., 2021,

  Evolution of solar wind turbulence from 0.1 to 1 au during the first parker solar probe-solar orbiter radial alignment

  , Letters of the Astrophysical Journal, Vol: 912, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 2041-8205

  The first radial alignment between Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter spacecraft is used to investigate the evolution of solar wind turbulence in the inner heliosphere. Assuming ballistic propagation, two 1.5 hr intervals are tentatively identified as providing measurements of the same plasma parcels traveling from 0.1 to 1 au. Using magnetic field measurements from both spacecraft, the properties of turbulence in the two intervals are assessed. Magnetic spectral density, flatness, and high-order moment scaling laws are calculated. The Hilbert–Huang transform is additionally used to mitigate short sample and poor stationarity effects. Results show that the plasma evolves from a highly Alfvénic, less-developed turbulence state near the Sun, to fully developed and intermittent turbulence at 1 au. These observations provide strong evidence for the radial evolution of solar wind turbulence.

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• Journal article
  Galand M, Feldman PD, Bockelee-Morvan D, Biver N, Cheng Y-C, Rinaldi G, Rubin M, Altwegg K, Deca J, Beth A, Stephenson P, Heritier KL, Henri P, Parker JW, Carr C, Eriksson AI, Burch Jet al., 2021,

  Far-ultraviolet aurora identified at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (vol 4, pg 1084, 2020)

  , NATURE ASTRONOMY, ISSN: 2397-3366
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• Journal article
  Gibbins G, Haigh JD, 2021,

  Comments on "global and regional entropy production by radiation Estimated from satellite observations"

  , Journal of Climate, Vol: 34, Pages: 3721-3728, ISSN: 0894-8755

  A recent paper by Kato and Rose reports a negative correlation between the annual mean entropy production rate of the climate and the absorption of solar radiation in the CERES SYN1deg dataset, using the simplifying assumption that the system is steady in time. It is shown here, however, that when the nonsteady interannual storage of entropy is accounted for, the dataset instead implies a positive correlation; that is, global entropy production rates increase with solar absorption. Furthermore, this increase is consistent with the response demonstrated by an energy balance model and a radiative–convective model. To motivate this updated analysis, a detailed discussion of the conceptual relationship between entropy production, entropy storage, and entropy flows is provided. The storage-corrected estimate for the mean global rate of entropy production in the CERES dataset from all irreversible transfer processes is 81.9 mW m−2 K−1 and from only nonradiative processes is 55.2 mW m−2 K−1 (observations from March 2000 to February 2018).

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• Journal article
  Cheng IK, Achilleos N, Masters A, Lewis GR, Kane M, Guio Pet al., 2021,

  Electron bulk heating at Saturn's magnetopause

  , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380

  Magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause (MP) energizes ambient plasma via the release of magnetic energy and produces an “open” magnetosphere allowing solar wind particles to directly enter the system. At Saturn, the nature of MP reconnection remains unclear. The current study examines electron bulk heating at MP crossings, in order to probe the relationship between observed and predicted reconnection heating proposed by Phan et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50917) under open and closed MP, and how this may pertain to the position of the crossings in the Δβ‐magnetic shear parameter space. The electron heating for 70 MP crossings made by the Cassini spacecraft from April 2005 to July 2007 was found using 1d and 3d moment methods. Minimum variance analysis was used on the magnetic field data to help indicate whether the MP is open or closed. We found better agreement between observed and predicted heating for events suggestive of locally “open” MP. For events suggestive of locally “closed” MP, we observed a cluster of points consistent with no electron heating, but also numerous cases with significant heating. Examining the events in the Δβ‐magnetic shear parameter space, we find 83% of events without evidence of energization were situated in the “reconnection suppressed” regime, whilst between 43% to 68% of events with energization lie in the “reconnection possible” regime depending on the threshold used. The discrepancies could be explained by a combination of spatial and temporal variability which makes it possible to observe heated electrons with different conditions from the putative reconnection site.

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• Journal article
  Lai T-K, Hendricks EA, Yau MK, Menelaou Ket al., 2021,

  Roles of Barotropic Instability across the Moat in Inner Eyewall Decay and Outer Eyewall Intensification: Essential Dynamics

  , JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, Vol: 78, Pages: 1411-1428, ISSN: 0022-4928
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• Journal article
  Ma B, Chen L, Wu D, Bale SDet al., 2021,

  Statistics of Low Frequency Cutoffs for Type III Radio Bursts Observed by Parker Solar Probe during Its Encounters 1-5

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 913, ISSN: 2041-8205
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  • Citations: 6
• Journal article
  Diaz-Aguado MF, Bonnell JW, Bale SD, Wang J, Gruntman Met al., 2021,

  Parker Solar Probe FIELDS Instrument Charging in the Near Sun Environment: Part 2: Comparison of In-Flight Data and Modeling Results

  , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
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  • Citations: 1
• Journal article
  Diaz-Aguado MF, Bonnell JW, Bale SD, Wang J, Gruntman Met al., 2021,

  Parker Solar Probe FIELDS Instrument Charging in the Near Sun Environment: Part 1: Computational Model

  , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
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  • Citations: 3
• Journal article
  Hoilijoki S, Pucci F, Ergun RE, Schwartz SJ, Wilder FD, Eriksson S, Chasapis A, Ahmadi N, Webster JM, Burch JL, Torbert RB, Strangeway RJ, Giles BLet al., 2021,

  Origin of Electron-Scale Magnetic Fluctuations Close to an Electron Diffusion Region

  , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
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• Journal article
  Martinovic MM, Klein KG, Huang J, Chandran BDG, Kasper JC, Lichko E, Bowen T, Chen CHK, Matteini L, Stevens M, Case AW, Bale SDet al., 2021,

  Multiscale Solar Wind Turbulence Properties inside and near Switchbacks Measured by the Parker Solar Probe

  , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 912, ISSN: 0004-637X
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  • Citations: 19
• Journal article
  Pulupa M, Bale SD, Curry SM, Farrell WM, Goodrich KA, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Malaspina DM, Raouafi NEet al., 2021,

  Non-Detection of Lightning During the Second Parker Solar Probe Venus Gravity Assist

  , GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 48, ISSN: 0094-8276
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  • Citations: 4

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