In this section
@article{Sum:2018:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000505,
author = {Sum, G and Hone, T and Atun, R and Millett, C and Suhrcke, M and Mahal, A and Koh, GC-H and Lee, JT},
doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000505},
journal = {BMJ Global Health},
title = {Multimorbidity and out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines: a systematic review},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000505},
volume = {3},
year = {2018}
}
TY - JOUR
AB - Background: Multimorbidity, the presence of two or more non-communicable diseases (NCD), is a costly and complex challenge for health systems globally. Patients with NCDs incur high levels of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), often on medicines, but the literature on the association between OOPE on medicines and multimorbidity has not been examined systematically. Methods: A systematic review was conducted via searching medical and economics databases including Ovid Medline, EMBASE, EconLit, Cochrane Library and the WHO Global Health Library from year 2000 to 2016. Study quality was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. PROSPERO: CRD42016053538. Findings: 14 articles met inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that multimorbidity was associated with higher OOPE on medicines. When number of NCDs increased from 0 to 1, 2 and ≥3, annual OOPE on medicines increased by an average of 2.7 times, 5.2 times and 10.1 times, respectively. When number of NCDs increased from 0 to 1, 2, ≥2 and ≥3, individuals spent a median of 0.36% (IQR 0.15%-0.51%), 1.15% (IQR 0.62%-1.64%), 1.41% (IQR 0.86%-2.15%), 2.42% (IQR 2.05%-2.64%) and 2.63% (IQR 1.56%-4.13%) of mean annual household net adjusted disposable income per capita, respectively, on annual OOPE on medicines. More multimorbidities were associated with higher OOPE on medicines as a proportion of total healthcare expenditures by patients. Some evidence suggested that the elderly and low-income groups were most vulnerable to higher OOPE on medicines. With the same number of NCDs, certain combinations of NCDs yielded higher medicine OOPE. Non-adherence to medicines was a coping strategy for OOPE on medicines. Conclusion: Multimorbidity of NCDs is increasingly costly to healthcare systems and OOPE on medicines can severely compromise financial protection and universal health coverage. It is crucial to recognise the need for better equity and financial protection, and policymakers should consider health system financial optio
AU - Sum,G
AU - Hone,T
AU - Atun,R
AU - Millett,C
AU - Suhrcke,M
AU - Mahal,A
AU - Koh,GC-H
AU - Lee,JT
DO - 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000505
PY - 2018///
SN - 2059-7908
TI - Multimorbidity and out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines: a systematic review
T2 - BMJ Global Health
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000505
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29564155
UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/58670
VL - 3
ER -