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Journal articleBennetts LG, Peter MA, Craster R, 2018,
Graded resonator arrays for spatial frequency separation and amplification of water waves
, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol: 854, ISSN: 0022-1120A structure capable of substantially amplifying water waves over a broad range of frequencies at selected locations is proposed. The structure consists of a small number of C-shaped cylinders in a line array, with the cylinder properties graded along the array. Using linear potential-flow theory, it is shown that the energy carried by a plane incident wave is amplified within specified cylinders for wavelengths comparable to the array length and for a range of incident directions. Transfer-matrix analysis is used to attribute the large amplifications to excitation of local Rayleigh–Bloch waves and gradual slowing down of their group velocity along the array.
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Journal articleCraster R, Guenneau S, Hutridurga Ramaiah H, et al., 2018,
Cloaking via mapping for the heat equation
, Multiscale Modeling and Simulation: A SIAM Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol: 16, Pages: 1146-1174, ISSN: 1540-3459This paper explores the concept of near-cloaking in the context of time-dependentheat propagation. We show that after the lapse of a certain threshold time, the boundary measure-ments for the homogeneous heat equation are close to the cloaked heat problem in a certain Sobolevspace norm irrespective of the density-conductivity pair in the cloaked region. A regularised trans-formation media theory is employed to arrive at our results. Our proof relies on the study of the longtime behaviour of solutions to the parabolic problems with high contrast in density and conductivitycoefficients. It further relies on the study of boundary measurement estimates in the presence of smalldefects in the context of steady conduction problem. We then present some numerical examples to illustrate our theoretical results.
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Journal articleMorozov S, Gaio M, Maier S, et al., 2018,
Metal−dielectric parabolic antenna for directing single photons
, Nano Letters, Vol: 18, Pages: 3060-3065, ISSN: 1530-6984Quantum emitters radiate light omni-directionally, making it hard to collect and use the generated photons. Here, we propose a three-dimensional metal–dielectric parabolic antenna surrounding an individual quantum dot as a source of collimated single photons, which can then be easily extracted and manipulated. Our fabrication method relies on a single optically induced polymerization step once the selected emitter has been localized by confocal microscopy. Compared to conventional nanoantennas, our geometry does not require near-field coupling, and it is, therefore, very robust against misalignment issues and minimally affected by absorption in the metal. The parabolic antenna provides one of the largest reported experimental directivities (D = 106) and the lowest beam divergences (Θ1/2 = 13.5°) and a broadband operation over all of the visible and near-infrared range together with extraction efficiency of more than 96%, offering a practical advantage for quantum technological applications.
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Journal articleSkelton E, Craster RV, Colombi A, et al., 2018,
The multi-physics metawedge: graded arrays on fluid-loaded elastic plates and the mechanical analogues of rainbow trapping and mode conversion
, New Journal of Physics, Vol: 20, ISSN: 1367-2630We consider the propagation and mode conversion of flexural-acoustic waves along a fluid-loaded graded array of elastic resonators, forming a metasurface. The multi-physics nature of the problem, coupling two disparate physical systems, brings both challenges and novel features not previously seen in so-called bifunctional metamaterials. In particular, by using an appropriately designed graded array of resonators, we show that it is possible to employ our metasurface to mode-convert sub-sonic surface flexural waves into bulk acoustic waves and vice-versa; transferring energy between two very different physical systems. Whilst the sub-sonic mechanical surface wave is dispersive, the bulk acoustic wave is dispersionless and radiates energy at infinity. We also show that this bifunctional metasurface is capable of exhibiting the classical effect of rainbow trapping for sub-sonic surface waves.
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Journal articleMignuzzi S, Mota M, Coenen T, et al., 2018,
Energy-momentum cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of dielectric nanostructures
, ACS Photonics, Vol: 5, Pages: 1381-1387, ISSN: 2330-4022Precise knowledge of the local density of optical states (LDOS) is fundamental to understanding nanophotonic systems and devices. Complete LDOS mapping requires resolution in energy, momentum, and space, and hence a versatile measurement approach capable of providing simultaneous access to the LDOS components is highly desirable. Here, we explore a modality of cathodoluminescence spectroscopy able to resolve, in single acquisitions, the dispersion in energy and momentum of the radiative LDOS. We perform measurements on a titanium nitride diffraction grating, bulk molybdenum disulfide, and silicon to demonstrate that the technique can probe and disentangle the dispersion of coherent and incoherent cathodoluminescence signals. The approach presented raises cathodoluminescence spectroscopy to a versatile tool for subwavelength design and optimization of nanophotonic devices in the reciprocal space.
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Conference paperBerte R, Picca FD, Poblet M, et al., 2018,
Generation and detection of surface acoustic waves using single plasmonic nanoresonators
We show in this work that coherent phonons generated after the decay of optically-excited plasmons in isolated metallic nanoantennas, are transmitted through the substrate as surface acoustic waves (SAWs) which can be detected by other nanoantennas used as receptors and positioned at distances up to 3μm away from the source. Two color sub-ps pump-probe technique and numerical methods suggest wave speed and amplitude decay characteristic of Rayleigh waves, the former within 3.2% of the predicted for fused silica. It is also shown that the mechanical excitation of the receptors via SAW modulates the optical response of the probe transmission and that its spectral content shows that the detection is feasible, even when the vibrational modes of the receptor are detuned from those of the source.
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Conference paperGuenneau S, Brule S, Enoch S, et al., 2018,
Some challenges regarding cloaking and earthquake protection
, 12th International Congress on Artificial Materials for Novel Wave Phenomena (METAMATERIALS), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 158-160 -
Journal articleBrule S, Ungureanu B, Achaoui Y, et al., 2017,
Metamaterial-like transformed urbanism
, INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS, Vol: 2, ISSN: 2364-4176 -
Journal articleSchnitzer O, Craster RV, 2017,
Bloch waves in an arbitrary two-dimensional lattice of subwavelength Dirichlet scatterers
, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol: 77, Pages: 2119-2135, ISSN: 0036-1399We study waves governed by the planar Helmholtz equation, propagating in aninfinite lattice of subwavelength Dirichlet scatterers, the periodicity beingcomparable to the wavelength. Applying the method of matched asymptoticexpansions, the scatterers are effectively replaced by asymptotic pointconstraints. The resulting coarse-grained Bloch-wave dispersion problem issolved by a generalised Fourier series, whose singular asymptotics in thevicinities of scatterers yield the dispersion relation governing modes that arestrongly perturbed from plane-wave solutions existing in the absence of thescatterers; there are also empty-lattice waves that are only weakly perturbed.Characterising the latter is useful in interpreting and potentially designingthe dispersion diagrams of such lattices. The method presented, that simplifiesand expands on Krynkin & McIver [Waves Random Complex, 19 347 2009], could beapplied in the future to study more sophisticated designs entailing resonantsubwavelength elements distributed over a lattice with periodicity on the orderof the operating wavelength.
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Journal articleVanel AL, Schnitzer O, Craster RV, 2017,
Asymptotic network models of subwavelength metamaterials formed by closely packed photonic and phononic crystals
, Europhysics Letters: a letters journal exploring the frontiers of physics, Vol: 119, ISSN: 1286-4854We demonstrate that photonic and phononic crystals consisting of closely spaced inclusions constitute a versatile class of subwavelength metamaterials. Intuitively, the voids and narrow gaps that characterise the crystal form an interconnected network of Helmholtz-like resonators. We use this intuition to argue that these continuous photonic (phononic) crystals are in fact asymptotically equivalent, at low frequencies, to discrete capacitor-inductor (mass-spring) networks whose lumped parameters we derive explicitly. The crystals are tantamount to metamaterials as their entire acoustic branch, or branches when the discrete analogue is polyatomic, is squeezed into a subwavelength regime where the ratio of wavelength to period scales like the ratio of period to gap width raised to the power $1/4$ ; at yet larger wavelengths we accordingly find a comparably large effective refractive index. The fully analytical dispersion relations predicted by the discrete models yield dispersion curves that agree with those from finite-element simulations of the continuous crystals. The insight gained from the network approach is used to show that, surprisingly, the continuum created by a closely packed hexagonal lattice of cylinders is represented by a discrete honeycomb lattice. The analogy is utilised to show that the hexagonal continuum lattice has a Dirac-point degeneracy that is lifted in a controlled manner by specifying the area of a symmetry-breaking defect.
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Journal articlePendry JB, Huidobro PA, Luo Y, et al., 2017,
Compacted dimensions and singular plasmonic surfaces
, Science, Vol: 358, Pages: 915-917, ISSN: 0036-8075In advanced field theories, there can be more than four dimensions to space, the excess dimensions described as compacted and unobservable on everyday length scales. We report a simple model, unconnected to field theory, for a compacted dimension realized in a metallic metasurface periodically structured in the form of a grating comprising a series of singularities. An extra dimension of the grating is hidden, and the surface plasmon excitations, though localized at the surface, are characterized by three wave vectors rather than the two of typical two-dimensional metal grating. We propose an experimental realization in a doped graphene layer.
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Journal articleColombi A, Craster R, Colquitt D, et al., 2017,
Elastic wave control beyond band-gaps: shaping the flow of waves in plates and half-spaces with subwavelength resonant rods.
, Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, Vol: 3, ISSN: 2297-3079In metamaterial science, local resonance and hybridization are key phenomena strongly influencing the dispersion properties; the metasurface discussed in this article created by a cluster of resonators, subwavelength rods, atop an elastic surface being an exemplar with these features. On this metasurface, band-gaps, slow or fast waves, negative refraction, and dynamic anisotropy can all be observed by exploring frequencies and wavenumbers from the Floquet–Bloch problem and by using the Brillouin zone. These extreme characteristics, when appropriately engineered, can be used to design and control the propagation of elastic waves along the metasurface. For the exemplar we consider, two parameters are easily tuned: rod height and cluster periodicity. The height is directly related to the band-gap frequency and, hence, to the slow and fast waves, while the periodicity is related to the appearance of dynamic anisotropy. Playing with these two parameters generates a gallery of metasurface designs to control the propagation of both flexural waves in plates and surface Rayleigh waves for half-spaces. Scalability with respect to the frequency and wavelength of the governing physical laws allows the application of these concepts in very different fields and over a wide range of lengthscales.
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Conference paperColombi A, Craster R, Clark M, et al., 2017,
Slow waves, elastic rainbow and dynamic anisotropy with a cluster of resonant rods on an elastic halfspace
, 2017 11th International Congress on Engineered Material Platforms for Novel Wave Phenomena (METAMATERIALS), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 409-410 -
Conference paperColombi A, Roux P, Miniaci M, et al., 2017,
The role of large scale computing behind the development of seismic (and elastic) metamaterials.
, 2017 11th International Congress on Engineered Material Platforms for Novel Wave Phenomena (METAMATERIALS), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 406-408 -
Journal articleColombi A, Ageeva V, Smith RJ, et al., 2017,
Enhanced sensing and conversion of ultrasonic Rayleigh waves by elastic metasurfaces
, Scientific Reports, Vol: 7, ISSN: 2045-2322Recent years have heralded the introduction of metasurfaces that advantageously combine the vision of sub- wavelength wave manipulation, with the design, fabrication and size advantages associated with surface excitation. An important topic within metasurfaces is the tailored rainbow trapping and selective spatial frequency separation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves using graded metasurfaces. This frequency dependent trapping and spatial frequency segregation has implications for energy concentrators and associated energy harvesting, sensing and wave filtering techniques. Different demonstrations of acoustic and electromagnetic rainbow devices have been performed, however not for deep elastic substrates that support both shear and compressional waves, together with surface Rayleigh waves; these allow not only for Rayleigh wave rainbow effects to exist but also for mode conversion from surface into shear waves. Here we demonstrate experimentally not only elastic Rayleigh wave rainbow trapping, by taking advantage of a stop-band for surface waves, but also selective mode conversion of surface Rayleigh waves to shear waves. These experiments performed at ultrasonic frequencies, in the range of 400-600 kHz, are complemented by time domain numerical simulations. The metasurfaces we design are not limited to guided ultrasonic waves and are a general phenomenon in elastic waves that can be translated across scales.
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Journal articleO'Neill J, Selsil O, Haslinger SG, et al., 2017,
ACTIVE CLOAKING FOR FINITE CLUSTERS OF PINS IN KIRCHHOFF PLATES
, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol: 77, Pages: 1115-1135, ISSN: 0036-1399This paper considers active cloaking of a square array of evenly spaced pins in a Kirchhoff plate in the presence of flexural waves. Active sources, modeled as ideal point sources, are represented by the nonsingular Green's function for the two-dimensional biharmonic operator and have an arbitrary complex amplitude. These sources are distributed exterior to the cluster, and their complex amplitudes are found by solving an algebraic system of equations. This procedure ensures that selected multipole orders of the scattered field are successfully annulled. For frequencies in the zero-frequency stop band, we find that a small number of active sources located on a grid is sufficient for cloaking. For higher frequencies, we achieve efficient cloaking with the active sources positioned on a circle surrounding the cluster. We demonstrate the cloaking efficiency with several numerical illustrations, considering key frequencies from band diagrams and dispersion surfaces for a Kirchhoff plate pinned in a doubly periodic fashion.
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Journal articleLefebvre G, Antonakakis T, Achaoui Y, et al., 2017,
Unveiling extreme anisotropy in elastic structured media
, Physical Review Letters, Vol: 118, ISSN: 0031-9007Periodic structures can be engineered to exhibit unique properties observed at symmetry points, such as zero group velocity, Dirac cones, and saddle points; identifying these and the nature of the associated modes from a direct reading of the dispersion surfaces is not straightforward, especially in three dimensions or at high frequencies when several dispersion surfaces fold back in the Brillouin zone. A recently proposed asymptotic high-frequency homogenization theory is applied to a challenging time-domain experiment with elastic waves in a pinned metallic plate. The prediction of a narrow high-frequency spectral region where the effective medium tensor dramatically switches from positive definite to indefinite is confirmed experimentally; a small frequency shift of the pulse carrier results in two distinct types of highly anisotropic modes. The underlying effective equation mirrors this behavior with a change in form from elliptic to hyperbolic exemplifying the high degree of wave control available and the importance of a simple and effective predictive model.
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Journal articleAchaoui Y, Antonakakis T, Brule S, et al., 2017,
Clamped seismic metamaterials: Ultra-low broad frequency stop-bands
, New Journal of Physics, Vol: 9, ISSN: 1367-2630The regularity of earthquakes, their destructive power, and the nuisance of ground vibration in urbanenvironments, all motivate designs of defence structures to lessen the impact of seismic and groundvibration waves on buildings. Low frequency waves, in the range 1–10 Hz for earthquakes and up to afew tens of Hz for vibrations generated by human activities, cause a large amount of damage, orinconvenience; depending on the geological conditions they can travel considerable distances andmay match the resonant fundamental frequency of buildings. The ultimate aim of any seismicmetamaterial, or any other seismic shield, is to protect over this entire range of frequencies; the longwavelengths involved, and low frequency, have meant this has been unachievable to date. Notably thisis scalable and the effects also hold for smaller devices in ultrasonics. There are three approaches toobtaining shielding effects: bragg scattering, locally resonant sub-wavelength inclusions and zerofrequencystop-band media. The former two have been explored, but the latter has not and isexamined here. Elastic flexural waves, applicable in the mechanical vibrations of thin elastic plates, canbe designed to have a broad zero-frequency stop-band using a periodic array of very small clampedcircles. Inspired by this experimental and theoretical observation, all be it in a situation far removedfrom seismic waves, we demonstrate that it is possible to achieve elastic surface (Rayleigh)wavereflectors at very large wavelengths in structured soils modelled as a fully elastic layer periodicallyclamped to bedrock. We identify zero frequency stop-bands that only exist in the limit of columns ofconcrete clamped at their base to the bedrock. In a realistic configuration of a sedimentary basin 15 mdeep we observe a zero frequency stop-band covering a broad frequency range of 0–30 Hz.
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Journal articleHaslinger SG, Movchan NV, Movchan AB, et al., 2017,
Controlling flexural waves in semi-infinite platonic crystals with resonator-type scatterers
, Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Vol: 70, Pages: 216-247, ISSN: 1464-3855We address the scattering and transmission of a plane flexural wave through a semi-infinite array of point scatterers/resonators, which take a variety of physically interesting forms. The mathematical model accounts for several classes of point defects, including mass-spring resonators attached to the top surface of the flexural plate and their limiting case of concentrated point masses. We also analyse the special case of resonators attached to opposite faces of the plate. The problem is reduced to a functional equation of the Wiener–Hopf type, whose kernel varies with the type of scatterer considered. A novel approach, which stems from the direct connection between the kernel function of the semi-infinite system and the quasi-periodic Green's functions for corresponding infinite systems, is used to identify special frequency regimes. We thereby demonstrate dynamically anisotropic wave effects in semi-infinite platonic crystals, with particular attention paid to designing systems that exhibit dynamic neutrality (perfect transmission) and localisation close to the structured interface.
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Journal articleCastro-Lopez M, Gaio M, Sellers S, et al., 2017,
Reciprocal space engineering with hyperuniform gold disordered surfaces
, APL Photonics, Vol: 2, ISSN: 2378-0967Hyperuniform geometries feature correlated disordered topologies which followfrom a tailored k-space design. Here, we study gold plasmonic hyperuniformdisordered surfaces and, by momentum spectroscopy, we report evidence of kspaceengineering on both light scattering and light emission. Even if the structureslack a well-defined periodicity, emission and scattering are directional inring-shaped patterns. The opening of these rotational-symmetric patterns scaleswith the hyperuniform correlation length parameter as predicted via the spectralfunction method.
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Journal articleColquitt DJ, Colombi A, Craster RV, et al., 2017,
Seismic metasurfaces: sub-wavelength resonators and Rayleigh wave interaction
, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol: 99, Pages: 379-393, ISSN: 0022-5096We consider the canonical problem of an array of rods, which act as resonators, placed on an elastic substrate; the substrate being either a thin elastic plate or an elastic half-space. In both cases the flexural plate, or Rayleigh surface, waves in the substrate interact with the resonators to create interesting effects such as effective band-gaps for surface waves or filters that transform surface waves into bulk waves; these effects have parallels in the field of optics where such sub-wavelength resonators create metamaterials, and metasurfaces, in the bulk and at the surface respectively. Here we carefully analyse this canonical problem by extracting the dispersion relations analytically thereby examining the influence of both the flexural and compressional resonances on the propagating wave. For an array of resonators atop an elastic half-space we augment the analysis with numerical simulations. Amongst other effects, we demonstrate the striking effect of a dispersion curve that transitions from Rayleigh wave-like to shear wave-like behaviour and the resultant change in displacement from surface to bulk waves.
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Conference paperO'Neill J, Selsil Ö, Haslinger SG, et al., 2017,
Active cloaking for flexural waves in a pinned kirchhoff plate
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Journal articleNguyen N, Maier SA, Hong M, et al., 2016,
Recovering parity-time symmetry in highly dispersive coupled optical waveguides
, New Journal of Physics, Vol: 18, ISSN: 1367-2630Coupled photonic systems satisfying parity-time symmetry (PTS) provideexibility to engineer the ow of light including non-reciprocal propagation, perfectlaser-absorbers, and ultra-fast switching. Achieving the required index pro le foran optical system with ideal PTS, i.e. n(x) =n(-x)*, has proven to be difficult due to the challenge of controlling gain, loss and material dispersion simultaneously. Consequently, most research has focused on dilute or low gain optical systems where material dispersion is minimal. In this paper, we study a model system of coupled inorganic semiconductor waveguides with potentially high gain (>1,500 cm-1) and dispersion. Our analysis makes use of coupled mode theory's parameters to quantify smooth transitions between PTS phases under imperfect conditions. We find that the detrimental influence of gain-induced dispersion is counteracted and the key features of parity-time symmetric optical systems are recovered by working with non-identical waveguides and bias pumping of the optical waveguides. Our coupled mode theory results show excellent agreement with numerical solutions, proving the robustness of coupled mode theory in describing various degrees of imperfection in systems with PTS.
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Journal articleMaling B, Colquitt D, Craster RV, 2016,
Dynamic homogenisation of Maxwell’s equations with applications to photonic crystals and localised waveforms on gratings
, Wave Motion, Vol: 69, Pages: 35-49, ISSN: 0165-2125A two-scale asymptotic theory is developed to generate continuum equations that model the macroscopic be-haviour of electromagnetic waves in periodic photonic structures when the wavelength is not necessarily longrelative to the periodic cell dimensions; potentially highly-oscillatory short-scale detail is encapsulated throughintegrated quantities. The resulting equations include tensors that represent effective refractive indices near bandedge frequencies along all principal axes directions, and these govern scalar functions providing long-scale mod-ulation of short-scale Bloch eigenstates, which can be used to predict the propagation of waves at frequenciesoutside of the long wavelength regime; these results are outside of the remit of typical homogenisation schemes.The theory we develop is applied to two topical examples, the first being the case of aligned dielectric cylin-ders, which has great importance in modelling photonic crystal fibres. Results of the asymptotic theory are veri-fied against numerical simulations by comparing photonic band diagrams and evanescent decay rates for guidedmodes. The second example is the propagation of electromagnetic waves localised within a planar array of di-electric spheres; at certain frequencies strongly directional propagation is observed, commonly described as dy-namic anisotropy. Computationally this is a challenging three-dimensional calculation, which we perform, andthen demonstrate that the asymptotic theory captures the effect, giving highly accurate qualitative and quantitativecomparisons as well as providing interpretation for the underlying change from elliptic to hyperbolic behaviour.
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Journal articleMellor AV, Hylton N, Maier S, et al., 2016,
Interstitial light-trapping design for multi-junction solar cells
, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol: 159, Pages: 212-218, ISSN: 0927-0248We present a light-trapping design capable of significantly enhancing the photon absorption inany subcell of a multi-junction solar cell. The design works by coupling incident light intowaveguide modes in one of the subcells via a diffraction grating, and preventing these modesfrom leaking into lower subcells via a low-index layer and a distributed Bragg reflector, whichtogether form an omnidirectional mirror. This allows the thickness of the target subcell to bereduced without compromising photon absorption, which improves carrier collection, andtherefore photocurrent. The paper focuses on using the composite structure to improve theradiation hardness of a InGaP/Ga(In)As/Ge space solar cell. In this context, it is shown viasimulation that the Ga(In)As middle-cell thickness can be reduced from 3500 to 700 nm,whilst maintaining strong photon absorption, and that this leads to a significantly improvedend-of-life photocurrent in the Ga(In)As middle cell. However, the design can in general beapplied to a wide range of multi-junction solar cell types. We discuss the principles ofoperation of the design, as well as possible methods of its fabrication and integration intomulti-junction solar cells.
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Journal articlePendry JB, Sasihithlu K, Craster RV, 2016,
Phonon-assisted heat transfer between vacuum-separated surfaces
, Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Vol: 94, ISSN: 1098-0121With increasing interest in nanotechnology, the question arises of how heat is exchanged between materials separated by only a few nanometers of vacuum. Here, we present calculations of the contribution of phonons to heat transfer mediated by van der Waals forces and compare the results to other mechanisms such as coupling through near field fluctuations. Our results show a more dramatic decay with separation than previous work.
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Journal articleGennaro SD, Rahmani M, Giannini V, et al., 2016,
The interplay of symmetry and scattering phase in second harmonic generation from gold nanoantennas
, Nano Letters, Vol: 16, Pages: 5278-5285, ISSN: 1530-6992Nonlinear phenomena are central to modern photonics but, being inherently weak, typically require gradual accumulation over several millimeters. For example, second harmonic generation (SHG) is typically achieved in thick transparent nonlinear crystals by phase-matching energy exchange between light at initial, ω, and final, 2ω, frequencies. Recently, metamaterials imbued with artificial nonlinearity from their constituent nanoantennas have generated excitement by opening the possibility of wavelength-scale nonlinear optics. However, the selection rules of SHG typically prevent dipole emission from simple nanoantennas, which has led to much discussion concerning the best geometries, for example, those breaking centro-symmetry or incorporating resonances at multiple harmonics. In this work, we explore the use of both nanoantenna symmetry and multiple harmonics to control the strength, polarization and radiation pattern of SHG from a variety of antenna configurations incorporating simple resonant elements tuned to light at both ω and 2ω. We use a microscopic description of the scattering strength and phases of these constituent particles, determined by their relative positions, to accurately predict the SHG radiation observed in our experiments. We find that the 2ω particles radiate dipolar SHG by near-field coupling to the ω particle, which radiates SHG as a quadrupole. Consequently, strong linearly polarized dipolar SHG is only possible for noncentro-symmetric antennas that also minimize interference between their dipolar and quadrupolar responses. Metamaterials with such intra-antenna phase and polarization control could enable compact nonlinear photonic nanotechnologies.
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Journal articleAlbella Echave P, Shibanuma T, Maier S, 2016,
Unidirectional light scattering with high efficiency at optical frequencies based on low-loss dielectric nanoantennas
, Nanoscale, Vol: 8, Pages: 14184-14192, ISSN: 2040-3372Dielectric nanoparticles offer low optical losses and access to both electric and magnetic Mie resonances. This enables unidirectional scattering along the incident axis of light, owing to the interference between these two resonances. Here we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that an asymmetric dimer of dielectric nanoparticles can provide unidirectional forward scattering with high efficiency. Theoretical analyses reveal that the dimer configuration can satisfy the first Kerker condition at the resonant peaks of electric and magnetic dipolar modes, therefore showing highly efficient directional forward scattering. The unidirectional forward scattering with high efficiency is confirmed in our experiments using a silicon nanodisk dimer on a transparent substrate. This study will boost the realization of practical applications using low-loss and efficient subwavelength all-dielectric nanoantennas.
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Journal articleFitzgerald JM, Narang P, Craster RV, et al., 2016,
Quantum Plasmonics
, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol: 104, Pages: 2307-2322, ISSN: 0018-9219Quantum plasmonics is an exciting subbranch of nanoplasmonics where the laws of quantum theory are used to describe light–matter interactions on the nanoscale. Plasmonic materials allow extreme subdiffraction confinement of (quantum or classical) light to regions so small that the quantization of both light and matter may be necessary for an accurate description. State-of-the-art experiments now allow us to probe these regimes and push existing theories to the limits which opens up the possibilities of exploring the nature of many-body collective oscillations as well as developing new plasmonic devices, which use the particle quality of light and the wave quality of matter, and have a wealth of potential applications in sensing, lasing, and quantum computing. This merging of fundamental condensed matter theory with application-rich electromagnetism (and a splash of quantum optics thrown in) gives rise to a fascinating area of modern physics that is still very much in its infancy. In this review, we discuss and compare the key models and experiments used to explore how the quantum nature of electrons impacts plasmonics in the context of quantum size corrections of localized plasmons and quantum tunneling between nanoparticle dimers. We also look at some of the remarkable experiments that are revealing the quantum nature of surface plasmon polaritons.
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Journal articleHarutyunyan D, Milton GW, Craster RV, 2016,
High-frequency homogenization for travelling waves in periodic media
, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sciences, Vol: 472, ISSN: 1364-5021We consider high-frequency homogenization in periodic media for travelling waves of several different equations: the wave equation for scalar-valued waves such as acoustics; the wave equation for vector-valued waves such as electromagnetism and elasticity; and a system that encompasses the Schrödinger equation. This homogenization applies when the wavelength is of the order of the size of the medium periodicity cell. The travelling wave is assumed to be the sum of two waves: a modulated Bloch carrier wave having crystal wavevector [Formula: see text] and frequency ω 1 plus a modulated Bloch carrier wave having crystal wavevector [Formula: see text] and frequency ω 2. We derive effective equations for the modulating functions, and then prove that there is no coupling in the effective equations between the two different waves both in the scalar and the system cases. To be precise, we prove that there is no coupling unless ω 1=ω 2 and [Formula: see text] where Λ=(λ1λ2…λ d ) is the periodicity cell of the medium and for any two vectors [Formula: see text] the product a⊙b is defined to be the vector (a 1 b 1,a 2 b 2,…,a d b d ). This last condition forces the carrier waves to be equivalent Bloch waves meaning that the coupling constants in the system of effective equations vanish. We use two-scale analysis and some new weak-convergence type lemmas. The analysis is not at the same level of rigour as that of Allaire and co-workers who use two-scale convergence theory to treat the problem, but has the advantage of simplicity which will allow it to be easily extended to the case where there is degeneracy of the Bloch eigenvalue.
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